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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 9

1 After Solomon finished building the Lord’s temple, the royal palace, and all the other construction projects he had planned, 2 the Lord appeared to Solomon a second time, in the same way he had appeared to him at Gibeon. 3 The Lord said to him, “I have answered your prayer and your request for help that you made to me. I have consecrated this temple you built by making it my permanent home; I will be constantly present there. 4 You must serve me with integrity and sincerity, just as your father David did. Do everything I commanded and obey my rules and regulations. 5 Then I will allow your dynasty to rule over Israel permanently, just as I promised your father David, ‘You will not fail to have a successor on the throne of Israel.’ 6 “But if you or your sons ever turn away from me, fail to obey the regulations and rules I instructed you to keep, and decide to serve and worship other gods, 7 then I will remove Israel from the land I have given them, I will abandon this temple I have consecrated with my presence, and Israel will be mocked and ridiculed among all the nations. 8 This temple will become a heap of ruins; everyone who passes by it will be shocked and will hiss out their scorn, saying, ‘Why did the Lord do this to this land⁠ and this temple?’ 9 Others will then answer, ‘Because they abandoned the Lord their God, who led their ancestors out of Egypt. They embraced other gods whom they worshiped and served. That is why the Lord has brought all this disaster down on them.’” 10 After 20 years, during which Solomon built the Lord’s temple and the royal palace, 11 King Solomon gave King Hiram of Tyre 20 towns in the region of Galilee, because Hiram had supplied Solomon with cedars, evergreens, and all the gold he wanted. 12 When Hiram went out from Tyre to inspect the towns Solomon had given him, he was not pleased with them. 13 Hiram asked, “Why did you give me these towns, my friend?”⁠ He called that area the region of Cabul, a name which it has retained to this day. 14 Hiram had sent to the king 120 talents of gold. 15 Here are the details concerning the forced labor* King Solomon conscripted to build the Lord’s temple,⁠ his palace, the terrace, the wall of Jerusalem, and the cities of Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. 16 (Pharaoh, king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer. He burned it and killed the Canaanites who lived in the city. He gave it as a wedding present to his daughter, who had married Solomon.) 17 Solomon built up Gezer, lower Beth Horon, 18 Baalath, Tadmor in the wilderness, 19 all the storage cities that belonged to him,⁠ and the cities where chariots and horses were kept. He built whatever he wanted in Jerusalem, Lebanon, and throughout his entire kingdom. 20 Now several non-Israelite peoples were left in the land after the conquest of Joshua, including the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.⁠ 21 Their descendants remained in the land (the Israelites were unable to wipe them out completely). Solomon conscripted them for his work crews, and they continue in that role to this very day. 22 Solomon did not assign Israelites to these work crews; the Israelites served as his soldiers, attendants, officers, charioteers, and commanders of his chariot forces. 23 These men were also in charge of Solomon’s work projects; there were a total of 550 men who supervised the workers. 24 Solomon built the terrace as soon as Pharaoh’s daughter moved up from the City of David to the palace Solomon built for her. 25 Three times a year Solomon offered burnt offerings and peace offerings on the altar he had built for the Lord, burning incense along with them before the Lord. He made the temple his official worship place. 26 King Solomon also built ships in Ezion Geber, which is located near Elat in the land of Edom, on the shore of the Red Sea. 27 Hiram sent his fleet and some of his sailors, who were well acquainted with the sea, to serve with Solomon’s men. 28 They sailed to Ophir, took from there 420 talents of gold, and then brought them to King Solomon.

Texts in conversation

Compare Treaty of Kadesh 2:5 and 1 Kings 9:13

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Akkadian text of Ramses II's treaty, the pharaoh names the Hittite king as his brother. In 1 Kings, Hiram of Tyre, unhappy with the towns Israel's king has given him, addresses his ally with the Hebrew word for brother.

Passages

Treaty of Kadesh 2:5

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty
Riamašeša-mai-Amana, the great king, king of Egypt, has made himself in a treaty upon a silver tablet with Ḫattušili, the great king, king of the land Ḫatti, his brother, from this day to give good peace and good brotherhood between us forever; and he is a brother to me and at peace with me, and I am a brother to him and at peace with him forever. And we have made brotherhood, peace and goodwill more than the brotherhood and peace of former times, which was between [Egypt and] Ḫatti. Behold, Riamašeša-mai-Amana, the great king, king of Egypt, is in good peace and good brotherhood with Ḫattušili, the great king, king of the land Ḫatti.
1259 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Treaty of Kadesh

1 Kings 9:13

Hebrew Bible
10 After 20 years, during which Solomon built the Lord’s temple and the royal palace, 11 King Solomon gave King Hiram of Tyre 20 towns in the region of Galilee, because Hiram had supplied Solomon with cedars, evergreens, and all the gold he wanted. 12 When Hiram went out from Tyre to inspect the towns Solomon had given him, he was not pleased with them. 13 Hiram asked, “Why did you give me these towns, my friend?” He called that area the region of Cabul, a name which it has retained to this day. 14 Hiram had sent to the king 120 talents of gold.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

“... The word פשע employed in the Amos oracles seems to allude to the fact that these nations have violated their treaty with Israel and ‘sinned’ against her. [...] Cf. Amos 1: 9: ‘And did not remember the covenant of brotherhood’, which refers to the treaty between Israel and Tyre in Solomonic times or thereafter. The Akkadian term for a parity treaty is aḫūtum (see Munn-Rankin, Iraq 18 (1956), 68 ff.) and cf. Hiram’s designation of his ally Solomon as ‘my brother’ (1 Kgs. 9: 13). ...”
Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 138.
“... In the crucial treaty there are two features which are not distinctively Hittite. One is the playing on the 'beautiful brotherhood and beautiful friendship' which the treaty established. This echoes the phrases of the Amarna correspondence and the phrases in the correspondence of the Egyptian queen Nefertari to Puduhepa, her Hittite counterpart. The other distinctive element is the modification of the historical section in the version which came originally from Egypt. The rest of the text - the stipulations and god list - are in terms which are typical for Hittite treaties. The reference to the thousand gods is a characteristic Hittite expression. ...”
Noel Weeks, Admonition and Curse: The Ancient Near Eastern Treaty/Covenant Form as a Problem in Inter-Cultural Relationships (London: T&T Clark International, 2004), 102.

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Treaty of Kadesh 2:5 and 1 Kings 9:13

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