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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 5

1 (5:15) King Hiram of Tyre sent messengers to Solomon when he heard that he had been anointed king in his father’s place. (Hiram had always been an ally of David.) 2 Solomon then sent this message to Hiram: 3 “You know that my father David was unable to build a temple to honor the Lord his God, for he was busy fighting battles on all fronts while the Lord subdued his enemies. 4 But now the Lord my God has made me secure on all fronts; there is no adversary or dangerous threat. 5 So I have decided to build a temple to honor the Lord my God, as the Lord instructed my father David, ‘Your son, whom I will put on your throne in your place, is the one who will build a temple to honor me.’ 6 So now order some cedars of Lebanon to be cut for me.⁠ My servants will work with your servants. I will pay your servants whatever you say is appropriate, for you know that we have no one among us who knows how to cut down trees like the Sidonians.” 7 When Hiram heard Solomon’s message, he was very happy. He said, “The Lord is worthy of praise today because he has given David a wise son to rule over this great nation.” 8 Hiram then sent this message to Solomon: “I received the message you sent to me. I will give you all the cedars and evergreens you need. 9 My servants will bring the timber down from Lebanon to the sea. I will send it by sea in raft-like bundles to the place you designate. There I will separate the logs and you can carry them away. In exchange you will supply the food I need for my royal court.” 10 So Hiram supplied the cedars and evergreens Solomon needed, 11 and Solomon supplied Hiram annually⁠ with 20,000 cors of wheat as provision for his royal court, as well as 120,000 gallons of pure olive oil. 12 So the Lord gave Solomon wisdom, as he had promised him. And Hiram and Solomon were at peace and made a treaty. 13 King Solomon conscripted taskmasters* from throughout Israel, 30,000 men in all.⁠ 14 He sent them to Lebanon in shifts of 10,000 men per month. They worked in Lebanon for one month, and then spent two months at home. Adoniram was supervisor of the work crews. 15 Solomon also had 70,000 common laborers and 80,000 stonecutters in the hills, 16 besides 3,300 officials who supervised the workers. 17 By royal order they supplied large valuable stones in order to build the temple’s foundation with chiseled stone. 18 Solomon’s and Hiram’s construction workers, along with men from Byblos, did the chiseling and prepared the wood and stones for the building of the temple.

Texts in conversation

Compare Building Stela of Amenhotep III 1:18 and 1 Kings 5:6

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Amenhotep III says he cut new cedar himself for Amun's sacred boat, and the princes of every land dragged it over the mountains for him. In 1 Kings 5, Solomon gets his cedar from Lebanon by asking King Hiram of Tyre for it and paying his workers.

Passages

Building Stela of Amenhotep III 1:18

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Cairo JE 34025 recto
King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Nibmare, Part of Re; Son of Re: Amenhotep (III), Ruler of Thebes. I made another monument for him who fathered me, Amon-Re, lord of Thebes, who established me upon his throne, making for him a great barge for the “Beginning-of-the-River” (named): “Amon-Re-in-the-Sacred-Barge,” of new cedar which his majesty cut in the countries of God's-Land. It was dragged over the mountains of Retenu by the princes of all countries. It was made very wide and large, there is no instance of doing the like.
1390–1352 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Building Stela of Amenhotep III

1 Kings 5:6

Hebrew Bible
5 So I have decided to build a temple to honor the Lord my God, as the Lord instructed my father David, ‘Your son, whom I will put on your throne in your place, is the one who will build a temple to honor me.’ 6 So now order some cedars of Lebanon to be cut for me. My servants will work with your servants. I will pay your servants whatever you say is appropriate, for you know that we have no one among us who knows how to cut down trees like the Sidonians.” 7 When Hiram heard Solomon’s message, he was very happy. He said, “The Lord is worthy of praise today because he has given David a wise son to rule over this great nation.” 8 Hiram then sent this message to Solomon: “I received the message you sent to me. I will give you all the cedars and evergreens you need. 9 My servants will bring the timber down from Lebanon to the sea. I will send it by sea in raft-like bundles to the place you designate. There I will separate the logs and you can carry them away. In exchange you will supply the food I need for my royal court.” 10 So Hiram supplied the cedars and evergreens Solomon needed,
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

“... An inscription of Amenhotep III reports (Lichtheim 1980: 451; ANET, 375): I made another monument to my father Amon-re. .. by making for him the great boat of the Nile (named) 'Amon-Re of the strong forehead' out of new pine wood which my royal majesty cut down in the countries of the land of the god and dragged from the mountains of Retinu by the great ones of all the foreign lands. This passage is reminiscent of the Mesopotamian texts which describe how the king personally cut down trees in the Lebanon and then had them shipped home by foreign kings. [...] Solomon too was personally involved in acquiring wood from the forests of the Lebanon and having it provided by a foreign king, although he makes no claim to have gone to the forest and chopped the trees down with his own hatchet. [...] It seems therefore that the the biblical passage and the extra-biblical royal inscriptions have much in common. Even so, there are several significant differences in substance and ideas as well as in literary formulation. The biblical account contains not the slightest hint of the military dimension characteristic of the extra-biblical sources. Solomon may wield influence over the Lebanon, as indicated by Hiram's gifts and blessing, but there is no indication of any conquest or subjugation of the Lebanon and its inhabitants. Furthermore, the presents sent by the 'kings of the nations' (following the Greek of 1 Kgs 5.14) do not include the wood, which Hiram sends Solomon at a price. Solomon is personally involved in acquiring the wood, but only as a trader, and not as a conquering king plundering at will or demanding tribute. ...”
Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings, JSOTSup 115 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1992), 220–221.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Building Stela of Amenhotep III 1:18 and 1 Kings 5:6

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