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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 5

1 (5:15) King Hiram of Tyre sent messengers to Solomon when he heard that he had been anointed king in his father’s place. (Hiram had always been an ally of David.) 2 Solomon then sent this message to Hiram: 3 “You know that my father David was unable to build a temple to honor the Lord his God, for he was busy fighting battles on all fronts while the Lord subdued his enemies. 4 But now the Lord my God has made me secure on all fronts; there is no adversary or dangerous threat. 5 So I have decided to build a temple to honor the Lord my God, as the Lord instructed my father David, ‘Your son, whom I will put on your throne in your place, is the one who will build a temple to honor me.’ 6 So now order some cedars of Lebanon to be cut for me.⁠ My servants will work with your servants. I will pay your servants whatever you say is appropriate, for you know that we have no one among us who knows how to cut down trees like the Sidonians.” 7 When Hiram heard Solomon’s message, he was very happy. He said, “The Lord is worthy of praise today because he has given David a wise son to rule over this great nation.” 8 Hiram then sent this message to Solomon: “I received the message you sent to me. I will give you all the cedars and evergreens you need. 9 My servants will bring the timber down from Lebanon to the sea. I will send it by sea in raft-like bundles to the place you designate. There I will separate the logs and you can carry them away. In exchange you will supply the food I need for my royal court.” 10 So Hiram supplied the cedars and evergreens Solomon needed, 11 and Solomon supplied Hiram annually⁠ with 20,000 cors of wheat as provision for his royal court, as well as 120,000 gallons of pure olive oil. 12 So the Lord gave Solomon wisdom, as he had promised him. And Hiram and Solomon were at peace and made a treaty. 13 King Solomon conscripted taskmasters* from throughout Israel, 30,000 men in all.⁠ 14 He sent them to Lebanon in shifts of 10,000 men per month. They worked in Lebanon for one month, and then spent two months at home. Adoniram was supervisor of the work crews. 15 Solomon also had 70,000 common laborers and 80,000 stonecutters in the hills, 16 besides 3,300 officials who supervised the workers. 17 By royal order they supplied large valuable stones in order to build the temple’s foundation with chiseled stone. 18 Solomon’s and Hiram’s construction workers, along with men from Byblos, did the chiseling and prepared the wood and stones for the building of the temple.

Texts in conversation

Compare Report of Wenamun 1:33 and 1 Kings 5:11

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

When Wenamun asks for cedar, the prince of Byblos has his fathers' account books read aloud to show that Egypt always paid for it. In 1 Kings 5, Hiram of Tyre also trades Solomon cedar only for goods, and Solomon pays him in wheat and oil every year.

Passages

Report of Wenamun 1:33

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Papyrus Moscow 120
I said to him: “I have come after the timber for the great and august barge of Amon-Re, king of gods. Your father did it, your grandfather did it, and you will also do it.” So I spoke to him. He said to me: “They did it, truly. If you give me (something) for doing it, I will do it. Indeed, my agents transacted the business; the Pharaoh, L. P. H., sent six ships, laden with the products of Egypt, and they were unloaded into their storehouses. And you also shall bring something for me.” He had the journal of his fathers brought in, and he had them read it before me. They found 1,000 deben of every (kind of) silver, which was in his book.
1075 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Report of Wenamun

1 Kings 5:11

Hebrew Bible
8 Hiram then sent this message to Solomon: “I received the message you sent to me. I will give you all the cedars and evergreens you need. 9 My servants will bring the timber down from Lebanon to the sea. I will send it by sea in raft-like bundles to the place you designate. There I will separate the logs and you can carry them away. In exchange you will supply the food I need for my royal court.” 10 So Hiram supplied the cedars and evergreens Solomon needed, 11 and Solomon supplied Hiram annually with 20,000 cors of wheat as provision for his royal court, as well as 120,000 gallons of pure olive oil.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

“... 1 Kgs 5 and 9 describe Solomon’s dealings with Hiram king of Tyre. Solomon, like the Egyptian Wenamun, was in search of Phoenician timber for religious projects back home. As in the Tale of Wenamun, despite a relationship which extended back generations, timber was only available for a price, in Solomon’s case a substantial amount of wheat and virgin olive oil ( šemen kātît), two of the standard products of the highlands. While 1 Kgs 5 seems to follow relatively standard ancient Near Eastern protocol for establishing a trading relationship between two kings, the details of this relationship between Hiram and Solomon are less clear in 1 Kgs 9. ...”
Daniel M. Master, “Institutions of Trade in 1 and 2 Kings,” in The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception, ed. André Lemaire and Baruch Halpern, VTSup 129 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 507.
“... The governor admits that his ancestors have indeed provided wood to Egypt, but he adds that a fair price has always been paid, and even sets before Wenamun his account books. In other words, he agrees in principle to provide wood to Wenamun, but only for a price, and a high one at that. [...] Wenamun wishes his wood for nothing, while Zakar-Baal demands its full price, just as Solomon wanted cedars gratis and offered to pay only the wages of Hiram's workers. [...] It may be that all three stories refer to payments being made in stages. The Wenamun story specifies seven beams sent in advance of full payment, while in the Enmerkar tale, the king of Uruk sent his rival bags of grain, an unusual scepter and undyed cloth. According to the Bible, Solomon paid Hiram year after year for the wood (1 Kgs 5.25). ...”
Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings, JSOTSup 115 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1992), 201–203.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Report of Wenamun 1:33 and 1 Kings 5:11

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