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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 10

1 When the queen of Sheba heard about Solomon, she came to challenge him with difficult questions.⁠ 2 She arrived in Jerusalem with a great display of pomp, bringing with her camels carrying spices, a very large quantity of gold, and precious gems.⁠ She visited Solomon and discussed with him everything that was on her mind. 3 Solomon answered all her questions; there was no question too complex for the king. 4 When the queen of Sheba saw for herself Solomon’s extensive wisdom, the palace he had built,⁠ 5 the food in his banquet hall, his servants and attendants, their robes, his cupbearers, and his burnt offerings which he presented in the Lord’s temple, she was amazed. 6 She said to the king, “The report I heard in my own country about your wise sayings and insight was true! 7 I did not believe these things until I came and saw them with my own eyes. Indeed, I didn’t hear even half the story! Your wisdom and wealth surpass what was reported to me. 8 Your attendants, who stand before you at all times and hear your wise sayings, are truly happy! 9 May the Lord your God be praised because he favored you by placing you on the throne of Israel! Because of the Lord’s eternal love for Israel, he made you king so you could make just and right decisions.” 10 She gave the king 120 talents of gold, a very large quantity of spices, and precious gems. The quantity of spices the queen of Sheba gave King Solomon has never been matched. 11 (Hiram’s fleet, which carried gold from Ophir, also brought from Ophir a very large quantity of fine timber and precious gems. 12 With the timber the king made supports for the Lord’s temple and for the royal palace and stringed instruments for the musicians. No one has seen so much of this fine timber to this very day.) 13 King Solomon gave the queen of Sheba everything she requested, besides what he had freely offered her. Then she left and returned to her homeland with her attendants. 14 Solomon received 666 talents of gold per year,⁠ 15 besides what he collected from the merchants, traders, Arabian kings, and governors of the land. 16 King Solomon made 200 large shields of hammered gold;⁠ 600 measures of gold were used for each shield. 17 He also made 300 small shields of hammered gold; three minas of gold were used for each of these shields. The king placed them in the Palace of the Lebanon Forest. 18 The king made a large throne decorated with ivory and overlaid it with pure gold. 19 There were six steps leading up to the throne, and the back of it was rounded on top. The throne had two armrests with a statue of a lion standing on each side. 20 There were 12 statues of lions on the six steps, one lion at each end of each step. There was nothing like it in any other kingdom. 21 All of King Solomon’s cups were made of gold, and all the household items in the Palace of the Lebanon Forest were made of pure gold. There were no silver items, for silver was not considered very valuable in Solomon’s time. 22 Along with Hiram’s fleet, the king had a fleet of large merchant ships that sailed the sea. Once every three years the fleet came into port with cargoes of gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.⁠ 23 King Solomon was wealthier and wiser than any of the kings of the earth. 24 Everyone in the world wanted to visit Solomon to see him display his God-given wisdom. 25 Year after year visitors brought their gifts, which included items of silver, items of gold, clothes, perfume, spices, horses, and mules. 26 Solomon accumulated chariots and horses. He had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horses. He kept them in assigned cities and in Jerusalem.⁠ 27 The king made silver as plentiful in Jerusalem as stones; cedar was as plentiful as sycamore fig trees are in the foothills. 28 Solomon acquired his horses from Egypt and from Que; the king’s traders purchased them from Que. 29 They paid 600 silver pieces for each chariot from Egypt and 150 silver pieces for each horse. They also sold chariots and horses to all the kings of the Hittites and to the kings of Syria.

Texts in conversation

Compare Papyrus Harris I 2:35 and 1 Kings 10:16

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

An Egyptian papyrus lists great tablets of beaten gold and silver that Ramses III made for Amun, engraved with his name and his prayers. 1 Kings 10 shows off Solomon's wealth with the same hammered gold, made into 200 large shields.

Passages

Papyrus Harris I 2:35

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · BM 10053
I made for you great tablets of gold, in beaten work, engraved with the great name of your majesty, bearing my prayers. I made for you other tablets of silver, in beaten work, engraved with the great name of your majesty, with the decrees of the house. I made for you great tablets of silver, in beaten work, engraved with the great name of your majesty, carved with the graver’s tool, bearing the decrees and the inventories of the houses and temples which I made in Egypt, during my reign on earth; in order to administer them in your name forever and ever. You are their protector, answering for them.
1189–1153 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Papyrus Harris I

1 Kings 10:16

Hebrew Bible
14 Solomon received 666 talents of gold per year, 15 besides what he collected from the merchants, traders, Arabian kings, and governors of the land. 16 King Solomon made 200 large shields of hammered gold; 600 measures of gold were used for each shield. 17 He also made 300 small shields of hammered gold; three minas of gold were used for each of these shields. The king placed them in the Palace of the Lebanon Forest. 18 The king made a large throne decorated with ivory and overlaid it with pure gold.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

“... So much for figures at present—what about “poetry?” Alongside prosaic listings of revenues (1 Kgs 10:14) and of palace furnishings (1 Kgs 10:18-21), the Hebrew narrator proudly includes rhetorical flourishes to emphasise Solomon’s fame and fortune, as in 1 Kgs 10:21 (silver, of no account) and 10:23-24 (unequalled wealth and repute). [...] However, again, no valid judgment can be made without employing external (and objective) standards of comparison. Then we may better see the relationship between rhetoric and reality. [...] And over a century later (ca. 1153 BC) Ramesses [...] left through his son Ramesses IV a statement of wealth given to Egypt’s temples during his reign, in the Great Harris Papyrus. [...] To temples, he gave offering-altars of gold and silver, and says to the god Amun: “I made for you great tablets of hammered gold, ... bearing my (hymns of) worship, .... [...] and much, much more besides. [...] Great Papyrus Harris I, 78: 1ff. (Atika), and 6:5-8 (tablets; with these, cf. Solomon’s shields of “hammered gold,” 1 Kings 10:16-17). ...”
Kenneth A. Kitchen, “Sheba and Arabia,” in The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, ed. Lowell K. Handy, SHCANE 11 (Leiden: Brill, 1997), 148–149.

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Papyrus Harris I 2:35 and 1 Kings 10:16

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