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1 Enoch

About this book
Chapter 78

1 The sun has two names: the first is Orjârês, and the second is Tômâs. 2 The moon has four names: the first is Asônjâ, the second Eblâ, the third Benâsê, and the fourth Erâe. 3 These are the two great lights,⁠ whose circumference is similar to that of the heaven, and the size of both is alike. 4 The sun contains seven portions of light which exceed those of the moon,⁠ distributed in definite measures until the seventh portion of the sun's light is depleted. 5 Both lights set and enter the portals of the west, orbit via the north, and emerge through the eastern portals facing the heavens. 6 When the moon rises, one-fourteenth of it becomes visible in the sky. By the fourteenth day, the moon reaches full illumination. 7 The moon receives fifteen parts of light by the fifteenth day, completing its full phase according to the annual cycle, growing incrementally by fourteen parts until fully illuminated. 8 As the moon wanes, its light decreases: fourteen parts on the first day, thirteen on the second, continuing to diminish each day by one part until, by the fourteenth day, only a half part remains, and by the fifteenth, all light disappears completely. 9 Some months have twenty-nine days and occasionally twenty-eight. 10 Uriel explained another law regarding how the moon receives light from the sun and on which side the light is transferred. 11 Throughout the fourteen days when the moon is waxing, it gathers light when positioned opposite the sun, achieving full brightness in the heavens. 12 The moon is termed the new moon on the first day, as it begins to capture light. 13 It becomes fully illuminated exactly when the sun sets in the west, rising from the east at night. The moon then shines all night until the sun rises opposite her in the morning. 14 The side from which the moon's light originates is also where it begins to wane until the light completely disappears, concluding the monthly cycle with her circumference empty and devoid of light. 15 The moon has three months consisting of thirty days each, and during her cycle, she also has three months of twenty-nine days each, during which she undergoes waning in the first period of time, lasting one hundred and seventy-seven days through the first portal. 16 During her emergence, she is visible for three months of thirty days each, and for three months of twenty-nine days each. 17 At night, she appears like a man for twenty days at a time, and by day she resembles the sky, containing nothing but her own light.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 30:26 and 1 Enoch 78:4

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

Isaiah says that in a future age the sun will shine seven times brighter. 1 Enoch repeats that sevenfold figure as ordinary astronomy that explains the difference between the sun’s light and the moon’s light.

Passages

Isaiah 30:26

Hebrew Bible
25 On every high mountain and every high hill there will be streams flowing with water, at the time of great slaughter when the fortified towers collapse. 26 The light of the full moon will be like the sun’s glare, and the sun’s glare will be seven times brighter, like the light of seven days, when the Lord binds up his people’s fractured bones and heals their severe wound. 27 Look, the name of the Lord comes from a distant place in raging anger and awesome splendor. He speaks angrily, and his word is like destructive fire.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

1 Enoch 78:4

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
3 These are the two great lights, whose circumference is similar to that of the heaven, and the size of both is alike. 4 The sun contains seven portions of light which exceed those of the moon, distributed in definite measures until the seventh portion of the sun's light is depleted. 5 Both lights set and enter the portals of the west, orbit via the north, and emerge through the eastern portals facing the heavens.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

... 2. The verse in the Astronomical Book: Judging from the history of exegesis elsewhere (see below), our writer uses Isaiah 30:26 to clarify a potential problem in Genesis 1:14-19. The language of the Isaianic passage is reflected in several places in the Astronomical Book; we should examine them before turning to the exegetical issue. 1 Enoch 72:37: “And thus it [= the sun] rises and sets; it neither decreases, nor rests, but runs day and night in (its) chariot. And its light is seven times brighter than that of the moon, but in size the two are equal.” Here we find the first declaration in the Astronomical Book that the two great luminaries are of the same size but the sun is distinguished from the moon by its far greater brightness. ...
James C. VanderKam, “Scripture in the Astronomical Book of Enoch,” in Things Revealed: Studies in Early Jewish and Christian Literature in Honor of Michael E. Stone, ed. Esther G. Chazon, David Satran, and Ruth A. Clements, JSJSup 89 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 98–99.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 30:26 and 1 Enoch 78:4

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