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1 Enoch

About this book
Chapter 75

1 The leaders of the thousands, who oversee the entire creation and all the stars, are also responsible for the four intercalary days, inseparably linked with their duties according to the annual calendar. These days serve during the four days that are not included in the annual count. 2 Due to these lights, people often miscalculate, for these lights indeed serve at specific world-stations: one in the first portal, one in the third, one in the fourth, and one in the sixth portal of heaven, ensuring the year's precision through its distinct 364 stations. 3 Uriel, the angel appointed by the Lord of glory to oversee all the celestial bodies in heaven and on earth, showed me the signs, times, years, and days.⁠ These celestial bodies govern the sky and are visible on Earth, leading day and night—the⁠ sun, moon, stars, and all entities that make their circuits in the celestial chariots. 4 Uriel also showed me twelve gates located around the sun’s chariot in heaven, through which the sun's rays emerge, bringing warmth to the earth when they open at their designated times. 5 The gates also affect the winds and the spirit of the dew, which are open in the heavens at the extremities. 6 There are twelve portals in the sky at the earth’s extremities, through which the sun, moon, and stars, and all heavenly operations emerge, moving from east to west. 7 Many windows are situated to the left and right of these portals, and one window, when opened during its season, produces warmth, corresponding to those gates from which the stars emerge as commanded, and where they set according to their number. 8 I saw chariots in heaven, moving above these portals where the stars that never set revolve. 9 One chariot is larger than all the others, and it traverses the entire world.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:15 and 1 Enoch 75:3

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch 75 echoes Genesis, describing the sun, moon, and stars as lights set in the sky to organize time. Like Genesis, it uses terms such as days, years, and signs, but expands on them with angelic references common in early Jewish tradition.

Passages

Genesis 1:15

Hebrew Bible
14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years, 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night. He made the stars also. 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

1 Enoch 75:3

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
2 Due to these lights, people often miscalculate, for these lights indeed serve at specific world-stations: one in the first portal, one in the third, one in the fourth, and one in the sixth portal of heaven, ensuring the year's precision through its distinct 364 stations. 3 Uriel, the angel appointed by the Lord of glory to oversee all the celestial bodies in heaven and on earth, showed me the signs, times, years, and days. These celestial bodies govern the sky and are visible on Earth, leading day and night—the sun, moon, stars, and all entities that make their circuits in the celestial chariots.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... It is clear from 1 Enoch 72-82 that the writer of the Enochic text knew and used Genesis 1, especially the passage regarding the creation of the heavenly lights on day four. So, for example, he designates the sun “the great light” (72:4, 35-36) and the moon “the smaller light” (73:1), and he refers to sign(s) in connection with the luminaries (72:13, 19; compare 78:7 and 82:16, 19). Furthermore, 1 Enoch 75:3 and 82:7, 9-10 contain summary statements that take up several terms from Genesis 1:14-19: times, days, years, set times, and rule ..."
James VanderKam, “Enoch’s Science,” in Ancient Jewish Sciences and the History of Knowledge in Second Temple Literature, ed. Jonathan Ben-Dov and Seth L. Sanders (New York: New York University Press, 2014), 51–67.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:15 and 1 Enoch 75:3

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