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1 Enoch

About this book
Chapter 103

1 Now, therefore, I swear to you, the righteous, by the glory of the Great and Honored and Mighty One⁠ in dominion, and by His greatness I swear to you: 2 I know a mystery and have read the heavenly tablets,⁠ and have seen the holy books,⁠ and have found written and inscribed in them regarding them:⁠ 3 that all goodness, joy, and glory are prepared for them, and written down for the spirits of those who have died in righteousness, and that much good will be given to you in return for your labors, and that your lot is far beyond the lot of the living. 4 The spirits of you who have died in righteousness will live and rejoice, and their spirits will not perish,⁠ nor their memory from before the face of the Great One, through all the generations of the world; so no longer fear their scorn. 5 Woe to you, sinners, when you have died, if you die in the wealth of your sins, and those who are like you say about you: 'Blessed are the sinners; they have seen all their days. 6 And how they have died in prosperity and wealth, and have not seen trouble or murder in their life; they have died in honor, and judgment was not carried out on them during their life.' 7 Know that your souls will be made to go down into Sheol, and you will be wretched in your great tribulation. 8 Your spirits will enter into darkness and chains and a burning flame where there is grievous judgment; and the great judgment will be for all the generations of the world. Woe to you, for you will have no peace. 9 Do not say about the righteous and good who are alive: 'In our troubled days we have toiled hard and experienced every trouble, and met with much evil and been consumed, and have become few, and our spirit small. 10 We have been destroyed and have not found anyone to help us even with a word; we have been tortured and destroyed, and did not hope to see life from day to day. 11 We hoped to be the head and have become the tail;⁠ we have toiled hard and had no satisfaction in our toil;⁠ and we have become the food of the sinners and the unrighteous,⁠ and they have laid their yoke heavily on us.⁠ 12 They have ruled over us, those who hated us and struck us; and to those who hated us we have bowed our necks, but they did not pity us. 13 We wanted to get away from them so that we might escape and be at rest, but found no place where we could flee and be safe from them.⁠ 14 We complained to the rulers in our tribulation, and cried out against those who devoured us, but they did not attend to our cries and would not listen to our voice. 15 They helped those who robbed us and devoured us and those who made us few; and they concealed their oppression, and they did not remove from us the yoke of those who devoured us and scattered us and murdered us, and they concealed their murder, and did not remember that they had lifted up their hands against us.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 28:48 and 1 Enoch 103:11

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch 103 uses language from Deuteronomy 28 that once warned covenant breakers about exile. It now describes the righteous who suffer despite their loyalty, showing an apocalyptic view where the faithful endure these curses and await vindication.

Passages

Deuteronomy 28:48

Hebrew Bible
47 “Because you have not served the Lord your God joyfully and wholeheartedly with the abundance of everything you have, 48 instead in hunger, thirst, nakedness, and poverty you will serve your enemies whom the Lord will send against you. They will place an iron yoke on your neck until they have destroyed you. 49 The Lord will raise up a distant nation against you, one from the other side of the earth as the eagle swoops down50, a nation whose language you will not understand,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

1 Enoch 103:11

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
10 We have been destroyed and have not found anyone to help us even with a word; we have been tortured and destroyed, and did not hope to see life from day to day. 11 We hoped to be the head and have become the tail; we have toiled hard and had no satisfaction in our toil; and we have become the food of the sinners and the unrighteous, and they have laid their yoke heavily on us. 12 They have ruled over us, those who hated us and struck us; and to those who hated us we have bowed our necks, but they did not pity us.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... After Enoch has told the sinners what their true lot is (being led to Sheol, to darkness, a snare and a flaming fire; 103:7-8), perhaps the clearest profile of the righteous is given. Enoch tells the sinners to not despair over their lot in life, and does so by quoting a righteous person lamenting his distress. Nickelsburg says that “perhaps no other passage in our literature describes the circumstance that give rise to apocalyptic theology with such poignancy and eloquence.” By drawing on vocabulary and phrases from Deuteronomy 28, the irony of suffering the curses of covenant despite not breaking it are obvious. Perhaps nothing exhibits this irony than the exclamation: “We had hoped to become the head and become the tail” (1 Enoch 103:11; compare Deuteronomy 28:13, 44). The righteous are thus oppressed by the wealthy, and when they try to complain to the rulers of the land, they took the sinners’ side instead (103:14-15). Nickelsburg notes, however, that the righteous are never called “poor” and “lowly” only once. It is the social injustice of the situation that is emphasized, more than the social statuses of the groups involved ..."
Peter Berntsson, “The First and the Last: Eschatological Reversal in 1 Enoch and the Gospel of Luke” (diss., Uppsala University, 2016), 23.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 28:48 and 1 Enoch 103:11

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