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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 9

1 Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? Are you not my work in the Lord? 2 If I am not an apostle to others, at least I am to you, for you are the confirming sign of my apostleship in the Lord. 3 This is my defense to those who examine me. 4 Do we not have the right to financial support? 5 Do we not have the right to the company of a believing wife, like the other apostles and the Lord’s brothers and Cephas? 6 Or do only Barnabas and I lack the right not to work? 7 Who ever serves in the army at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its fruit? Who tends a flock and does not consume its milk? 8 Am I saying these things only on the basis of common sense, or does the law not say this as well? 9 For it is written in the law of Moses, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.” God is not concerned here about oxen, is he?⁠ 10 Or is he not surely speaking for our benefit? It was written for us, because the one plowing and threshing ought to work in hope of enjoying the harvest. 11 If we sowed spiritual blessings among you, is it too much to reap material things from you? 12 If others receive this right from you, are we not more deserving? But we have not made use of this right.⁠ Instead we endure everything so that we may not be a hindrance to the gospel of Christ. 13 Don’t you know that those who serve in the temple eat food from the temple, and those who serve at the altar receive a part of the offerings? 14 In the same way the Lord commanded those who proclaim the gospel to receive their living by the gospel. 15 But I have not used any of these rights. And I am not writing these things so that something will be done for me. In fact, it would be better for me to die than—no one will deprive me of my reason for boasting! 16 For if I preach the gospel, I have no reason for boasting, because I am compelled to do this. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel! 17 For if I do this voluntarily, I have a reward. But if I do it unwillingly, I am entrusted with a responsibility. 18 What then is my reward? That when I preach the gospel I may offer the gospel free of charge, and so not make full use of my rights in the gospel. 19 For since I am free from all I can make myself a slave to all, in order to gain even more people. 20 To the Jews I became like a Jew to gain the Jews. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law) to gain those under the law. 21 To those free from the law I became like one free from the law (though I am not free from God’s law but under the law of Christ) to gain those free from the law. 22 To the weak I became weak in order to gain the weak. I have become all things to all people, so that by all means I may save some. 23 I do all these things because of the gospel, so that I can be a participant in it. 24 Do you not know that all the runners in a stadium compete, but only one receives the prize? So run to win.⁠ 25 Each competitor must exercise self-control in everything. They do it to receive a perishable crown, but we an imperishable one.⁠ 26 So I do not run uncertainly or box like one who hits only air. 27 Instead I subdue my body and make it my slave, so that after preaching to others I myself will not be disqualified.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Corinthians 9:9 and Bava Metzia 91b

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

1 Corinthians and Bava Metzia cite Deuteronomy’s command about not muzzling an ox to show workers should benefit from their labor. Paul uses it to support paying teachers, and the Rabbis use it to argue for fair treatment of both laborers and animals.

Passages

1 Corinthians 9:9

New Testament
7 Who ever serves in the army at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its fruit? Who tends a flock and does not consume its milk? 8 Am I saying these things only on the basis of common sense, or does the law not say this as well? 9 For it is written in the law of Moses, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.” God is not concerned here about oxen, is he? 10 Or is he not surely speaking for our benefit? It was written for us, because the one plowing and threshing ought to work in hope of enjoying the harvest. 11 If we sowed spiritual blessings among you, is it too much to reap material things from you? 12 If others receive this right from you, are we not more deserving? But we have not made use of this right. Instead we endure everything so that we may not be a hindrance to the gospel of Christ.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

Bava Metzia 91b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
The mishna teaches that Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says: A laborer may not eat unless he performs labor with his hands and with his feet. The Gemara asks: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda? The Gemara explains: This halakha is like that of a threshing ox; just as one is not required to let an ox feed unless it is performing labor with its hands and with its feet, as it uses all four of its legs to thresh, so too a laborer is not entitled to eat unless he is performing labor with his hands and with his feet.
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Bava Metzia

References

"... The case for a Jewish accommodation setting of 1 Corinthians 9:19–23 has significantly more text-based support than the arguments surveyed in the previous section ... Paul employs Jewish sources to formulate his stance on food offered to idols in 1 Corinthians 8 and 10. In the relinquishment of rights/accommodation chapter (1 Corinthians 9), Paul quotes from Israel’s law with the lead-in, “Do I say this on human authority? Does not the law also say the same? For it is written in the law of Moses” (1 Corinthians 9:8–9). The dominical command in 1 Corinthians 9:14 refers to a Jewish teacher. The two other contemporary individuals mentioned in the chapter (Cephas and Barnabas) are both Jews. 1 Corinthians 9:19–23 uses νόμος and compounds of νόμος nine times. Paul refers to being “under the law”, “as one without the law”, “not without the law of God” and “in Christ’s law” – terminology that draws attention to Jewish law as a point of reference. These Jewish touchstones in 1 Corinthians 9:19–23 and 8:1–11:1 give weight to the argument that Paul’s “all things to all people” language is informed by a Jewish accommodation setting. But what specific Jewish accommodation setting could Paul be drawing from? ..."
David J. Rudolph, A Jew to the Jews: Jewish Contours of Pauline Flexibility in 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011), 115–116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Corinthians 9:9 and Bava Metzia 91b

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