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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Now I want to make clear for you, brothers and sisters, the gospel that I preached to you, that you received and on which you stand, 2 and by which you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. 3 For I passed on to you as of first importance what I also received—that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures, 4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day⁠ according to the scriptures,⁠ 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than 500 of the brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as though to one born at the wrong time, he appeared to me also. 9 For I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me has not been in vain. In fact, I worked harder than all of them—yet not I, but the grace of God with me. 11 Whether then it was I or they, this is the way we preach and this is the way you believed. 12 Now if Christ is being preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead? 13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been raised. 14 And if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is futile and your faith is empty. 15 Also, we are found to be false witnesses about God, because we have testified against God that he raised Christ from the dead, when in reality he did not raise him, if indeed the dead are not raised. 16 For if the dead are not raised, then not even Christ has been raised. 17 And if Christ has not been raised, your faith is useless; you are still in your sins. 18 Furthermore, those who have fallen asleep in Christ have also perished. 19 For if only in this life we have hope in Christ, we should be pitied more than anyone.⁠ 20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.⁠ 21 For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead also came through a man.⁠ 22 For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive. 23 But each in his own order: Christ, the firstfruits; then when Christ comes, those who belong to him.⁠ 24 Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, when he has brought to an end all rule and all authority and power. 25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.⁠ 26 The last enemy to be eliminated is death. 27 For he has put everything in subjection under his feet.⁠ But when it says “everything” has been put in subjection, it is clear that this does not include the one who put everything in subjection to him. 28 And when all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will be subjected to the one who subjected everything to him, so that God may be all in all.⁠ 29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, then why are they baptized for them? 30 Why too are we in danger every hour? 31 Every day I am in danger of death! This is as sure as my boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord. 32 If from a human point of view I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what did it benefit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.⁠ 33 Do not be deceived: “Bad company corrupts good morals.”⁠ 34 Sober up as you should, and stop sinning! For some have no knowledge of God—I say this to your shame! 35 But someone will say, “How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?” 36 Fool! What you sow will not come to life unless it dies. 37 And what you sow is not the body that is to be, but a bare seed—perhaps⁠ of wheat or something else. 38 But God gives it a body just as he planned, and to each of the seeds a body of its own. 39 All flesh is not the same: People have one flesh, animals have another, birds and fish another.⁠ 40 And there are heavenly bodies and earthly bodies. The glory of the heavenly body is one sort and the earthly another.⁠ 41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, for star differs from star in glory.⁠ 42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.⁠ 43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body.⁠ 45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”;⁠ the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual. 47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven.⁠ 48 Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly. 49 And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear the image of the man of heaven. 50 Now this is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,⁠ nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. 51 Listen, I will tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed—⁠ 52 in a moment, in the blinking of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed.⁠ 53 For this perishable body must put on the imperishable, and this mortal body must put on immortality.⁠ 54 Now when this perishable puts on the imperishable, and this mortal puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will happen, “Death has been swallowed up in victory.”⁠ 55 “Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?” 56 The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law. 57 But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ! 58 So then, dear brothers and sisters, be firm. Do not be moved! Always be outstanding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labor is not in vain in the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 1:12 and 1 Corinthians 15:44

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Philo interprets the two creation accounts of Genesis by contrasting a heavenly man, made in the divine image, and an earthly man, formed from clay. In 1 Corinthians, Paul uses similar language to contrast the man of earth with the man from heaven.

Passages

Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 1:12

Classical
“And God formed the man by taking clay from the earth, and breathed into his face a breath of life, and the man became a living soul” (Gen. ii. 7). There are two types of men; one a heavenly man, the other an earthly one. The heavenly man, being made after the image of God, has no share at all in corruptible and terrestrial substance; but the earthly one was put together out of the matter scattered here and there, which Moses calls “clay.” For this reason he says that the heavenly man was not moulded, but was stamped with the image of God; while the earthly is a moulded work of the Craftsman, but not His offspring. We must regard the man made out of the earth as mind mingling with, but not yet blended with, body. But this earthlike mind would in reality also be corruptible if God did not breathe into it a power of real life; when He does so, it no longer undergoes moulding, but becomes a soul, not an inefficient and imperfectly formed soul, but one endowed with mind and actually alive; for he says, “man became a living soul.”
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, Allegorical Interpretation

1 Corinthians 15:44

New Testament
42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable. 43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body. 45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual. 47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... Here, in regard to 1 Corinthians 15:44-49, a fascinating question arises as to whether Paul was also influenced by Philo. The question arises from Paul's distinction between the earthly man and the man from heaven, between the man of ψυχή and the man of πνευμα. For Philo also works with a similar contrast ... As is generally recognized, Philo was able to work from the two creation narratives, the one (Genesis 1) narrating the creation of man in the divine image, the second (Genesis 2) narrating the creation of man from the clay. Read against a Platonic cosmology, the heavenly man is first, 'made after the image of God'; the earthly man an inferior copy, molded by God, to be sure, but from earthly matter, 'clay' ..."
James D. G. Dunn, “Adam in Paul,” in The Pseudepigrapha and Christian Origins: Essays from the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, ed. Gerbern S. Oegema and James H. Charlesworth, Jewish and Christian Texts in Contexts and Related Studies 4 (New York: T&T Clark International, 2008), 124–125.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 1:12 and 1 Corinthians 15:44

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