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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Now I want to make clear for you, brothers and sisters, the gospel that I preached to you, that you received and on which you stand, 2 and by which you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. 3 For I passed on to you as of first importance what I also received—that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures, 4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day⁠ according to the scriptures,⁠ 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than 500 of the brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as though to one born at the wrong time, he appeared to me also. 9 For I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me has not been in vain. In fact, I worked harder than all of them—yet not I, but the grace of God with me. 11 Whether then it was I or they, this is the way we preach and this is the way you believed. 12 Now if Christ is being preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead? 13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been raised. 14 And if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is futile and your faith is empty. 15 Also, we are found to be false witnesses about God, because we have testified against God that he raised Christ from the dead, when in reality he did not raise him, if indeed the dead are not raised. 16 For if the dead are not raised, then not even Christ has been raised. 17 And if Christ has not been raised, your faith is useless; you are still in your sins. 18 Furthermore, those who have fallen asleep in Christ have also perished. 19 For if only in this life we have hope in Christ, we should be pitied more than anyone.⁠ 20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.⁠ 21 For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead also came through a man.⁠ 22 For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive. 23 But each in his own order: Christ, the firstfruits; then when Christ comes, those who belong to him.⁠ 24 Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, when he has brought to an end all rule and all authority and power. 25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.⁠ 26 The last enemy to be eliminated is death. 27 For he has put everything in subjection under his feet.⁠ But when it says “everything” has been put in subjection, it is clear that this does not include the one who put everything in subjection to him. 28 And when all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will be subjected to the one who subjected everything to him, so that God may be all in all.⁠ 29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, then why are they baptized for them? 30 Why too are we in danger every hour? 31 Every day I am in danger of death! This is as sure as my boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord. 32 If from a human point of view I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what did it benefit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.⁠ 33 Do not be deceived: “Bad company corrupts good morals.”⁠ 34 Sober up as you should, and stop sinning! For some have no knowledge of God—I say this to your shame! 35 But someone will say, “How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?” 36 Fool! What you sow will not come to life unless it dies. 37 And what you sow is not the body that is to be, but a bare seed—perhaps⁠ of wheat or something else. 38 But God gives it a body just as he planned, and to each of the seeds a body of its own. 39 All flesh is not the same: People have one flesh, animals have another, birds and fish another.⁠ 40 And there are heavenly bodies and earthly bodies. The glory of the heavenly body is one sort and the earthly another.⁠ 41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, for star differs from star in glory.⁠ 42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.⁠ 43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body.⁠ 45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”;⁠ the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual. 47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven.⁠ 48 Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly. 49 And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear the image of the man of heaven. 50 Now this is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,⁠ nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. 51 Listen, I will tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed—⁠ 52 in a moment, in the blinking of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed.⁠ 53 For this perishable body must put on the imperishable, and this mortal body must put on immortality.⁠ 54 Now when this perishable puts on the imperishable, and this mortal puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will happen, “Death has been swallowed up in victory.”⁠ 55 “Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?” 56 The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law. 57 But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ! 58 So then, dear brothers and sisters, be firm. Do not be moved! Always be outstanding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labor is not in vain in the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Corinthians 15:4 and Physiologus 40:2

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Corinthians, Paul echoes early Christian tradition that Jesus was raised on the third day. In the Physiologus, an early Christian book of animal lore, the phoenix is also restored on the third day, a detail added to match Christian tradition.

Passages

1 Corinthians 15:4

New Testament
3 For I passed on to you as of first importance what I also received—that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures, 4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day according to the scriptures, 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than 500 of the brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

Physiologus 40:2

Early Christian
2 There is a bird in India called the Phoenix. And at the end of five hundred years he comes to the trees of Lebanon, and fills his wings with pleasant fragrances, and he announces his return to the priest of Heliopolis early in the month Nisan or Adar (that is Phamenoti or Pharmuti). And the priest, when he hears the news, comes and fills up the altar with vine wood. And the bird comes to Heliopolis laden with the fragrance of pleasant spices, and settles on the altar, and kindles a fire and burns himself. And on the following morning the priest searches through the ashes on the altar and finds a small worm in them. And on the second day, look, he grows feathers and becomes like a young bird. And on the third day they find him just as before, the Phoenix, and he greets the priest, and flies away and returns to his old dwelling-place. 3 If this bird has the power to kill himself and come to life again, how can reasonable men complain about our Lord Jesus Christ when He said: "I have power to lay down my life and to take it again."
150–350 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Physiologus

References

“... Both Clement and Tertullian endorse Phoenix as a powerful symbol that enables them to render the idea of the resurrection probable. [...] Some other texts point in the same direction but they take the understanding even further by identifying Phoenix with Christ. In the Greek Physiologos—the dating of which remains uncertain—the Phoenix symbolises Christ. After a period of 500 years the Indian bird leaves for the trees of Lebanon in order to collect aromates for its future immolation. It informs a priest of Heliopolis about its forthcoming arrival in the new month of Nissan. The rebirth of the bird is said to last three days. Both statements mirror a move towards an identification with Christ which is explicitly made in the final morale of the story. Phoenix has adopted the countenance of the saviour ...”
Anders Klostergaard Petersen, “Between Old and New: The Problem of Acculturation Illustrated by the Early Christian Use of the Phoenix Motif,” in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst, ed. Florentino García Martínez and Gerard P. Luttikhuizen, JSJSup 82 (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 162.
“... When do reliable witnesses first appear? According to Scott (1998: 433), the first hard evidence of the Physiologus’ use is in the second half of the fourth century, and here there is a solid phalanx of witnesses. It is apparent, as van den Broek notes, that Epiphanius has used the Physiologus in his Panarion (written by 377), because in Epiphanius’s version of the phoenix story, the worm reborn in the ashes becomes a mature bird on the third day, a detail otherwise only known in the Physiologus; the same may again be true in the detail that the phoenix shows itself to the priests who had served it. ...”
John C. Poirier, The Invention of the Inspired Text: Philological Windows on the Theopneustia of Scripture, LNTS 640 (London: T&T Clark, 2021), 92.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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