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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Now I want to make clear for you, brothers and sisters, the gospel that I preached to you, that you received and on which you stand, 2 and by which you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. 3 For I passed on to you as of first importance what I also received—that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures, 4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day⁠ according to the scriptures,⁠ 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than 500 of the brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as though to one born at the wrong time, he appeared to me also. 9 For I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me has not been in vain. In fact, I worked harder than all of them—yet not I, but the grace of God with me. 11 Whether then it was I or they, this is the way we preach and this is the way you believed. 12 Now if Christ is being preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead? 13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been raised. 14 And if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is futile and your faith is empty. 15 Also, we are found to be false witnesses about God, because we have testified against God that he raised Christ from the dead, when in reality he did not raise him, if indeed the dead are not raised. 16 For if the dead are not raised, then not even Christ has been raised. 17 And if Christ has not been raised, your faith is useless; you are still in your sins. 18 Furthermore, those who have fallen asleep in Christ have also perished. 19 For if only in this life we have hope in Christ, we should be pitied more than anyone.⁠ 20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.⁠ 21 For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead also came through a man.⁠ 22 For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive. 23 But each in his own order: Christ, the firstfruits; then when Christ comes, those who belong to him.⁠ 24 Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, when he has brought to an end all rule and all authority and power. 25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.⁠ 26 The last enemy to be eliminated is death. 27 For he has put everything in subjection under his feet.⁠ But when it says “everything” has been put in subjection, it is clear that this does not include the one who put everything in subjection to him. 28 And when all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will be subjected to the one who subjected everything to him, so that God may be all in all.⁠ 29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, then why are they baptized for them? 30 Why too are we in danger every hour? 31 Every day I am in danger of death! This is as sure as my boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord. 32 If from a human point of view I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what did it benefit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.⁠ 33 Do not be deceived: “Bad company corrupts good morals.”⁠ 34 Sober up as you should, and stop sinning! For some have no knowledge of God—I say this to your shame! 35 But someone will say, “How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?” 36 Fool! What you sow will not come to life unless it dies. 37 And what you sow is not the body that is to be, but a bare seed—perhaps⁠ of wheat or something else. 38 But God gives it a body just as he planned, and to each of the seeds a body of its own. 39 All flesh is not the same: People have one flesh, animals have another, birds and fish another.⁠ 40 And there are heavenly bodies and earthly bodies. The glory of the heavenly body is one sort and the earthly another.⁠ 41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, for star differs from star in glory.⁠ 42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.⁠ 43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body.⁠ 45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”;⁠ the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual. 47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven.⁠ 48 Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly. 49 And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear the image of the man of heaven. 50 Now this is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,⁠ nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. 51 Listen, I will tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed—⁠ 52 in a moment, in the blinking of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed.⁠ 53 For this perishable body must put on the imperishable, and this mortal body must put on immortality.⁠ 54 Now when this perishable puts on the imperishable, and this mortal puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will happen, “Death has been swallowed up in victory.”⁠ 55 “Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?” 56 The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law. 57 But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ! 58 So then, dear brothers and sisters, be firm. Do not be moved! Always be outstanding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labor is not in vain in the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Maccabees 12:44 and 1 Corinthians 15:29

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

The reference in 1 Corinthians 15 to baptism for the dead is difficult to interpret, but Paul's reasoning is similar to 2 Maccabees 12, where Judas Maccabeus takes an offering for fallen soldiers and says it only makes sense given their resurrection.

Passages

2 Maccabees 12:44

Deuterocanon
41 All therefore, blessing the ways of the Lord, the righteous Judge, who makes manifest the things that are hidden, 42 turned themselves to supplication, praying that the sin committed might be wholly blotted out. The noble Judas exhorted the multitude to keep themselves from sin, for they had seen with their own eyes what happened because of the sin of those who had fallen. 43 When he had made a collection man by man to the sum of two thousand drachmas of silver, he sent to Jerusalem to offer a sacrifice for sin, doing very well and honorably in this, in that he took thought for the resurrection. 44 For if he wasn’t expecting that those who had fallen would rise again, it would be superfluous and idle to pray for the dead. 45 But if he was looking forward to an honorable memorial of gratitude laid up for those who die in godliness, then the thought was holy and godly. Therefore he made the atoning sacrifice for those who had died, that they might be released from their sin.
160–63 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Maccabees

1 Corinthians 15:29

New Testament
21 For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead also came through a man. 22 For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive. 23 But each in his own order: Christ, the firstfruits; then when Christ comes, those who belong to him. 24 Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, when he has brought to an end all rule and all authority and power. 25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet. 26 The last enemy to be eliminated is death. 27 For he has put everything in subjection under his feet. But when it says “everything” has been put in subjection, it is clear that this does not include the one who put everything in subjection to him. 28 And when all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will be subjected to the one who subjected everything to him, so that God may be all in all. 29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, then why are they baptized for them? 30 Why too are we in danger every hour?
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... No early source directly links this final purification of the deceased with the resurrection. Yet, because belief in the resurrection became increasingly wide-spread among Jews in the Second Temple, one may reasonably suppose that acts honoring the dead, including purifying them for burial, were understood to be related to resurrection. That would certainly agree with the Maccabean literature then in circulation that highlighted Jewish hero Judah Maccabee's belief in the resurrection, and his actions to ensure the atonement of dead companions (2 Maccabees 12:43–45) ... Jews of the Second Temple certainly did perform a purification washing for the benefit of their deceased. There is good reason to suppose that many Jews associated the practice with the resurrection, and this conforms well with Paul's remark in 1 Cor. 15:29. Conversely, the Greek denial of resurrection seems to preclude Paul's remark from any association with Greek funerary washings ..."
Hanoch Ben Keshet, “1 Cor. 15:29 and Taharat Hamet: Purification of the Dead as Proof of Resurrection?” Kesher, A Journal of Messianic Judaism (2015): 1–19.
"... 2 Maccabees 12:43-45 is especially interesting since it supports the resurrection belief based on the actions taken by Judas’ act and his troops upon realizing that their brothers in arms had fallen in the battle due to “the sacred tokens of the idols of Jamnia” worn under their tunics (verse 40). Jonathan Goldstien noted that Jason engages “in a complicated piece of logical gymnastics to prove that Judas believed in the resurrection of the dead”. Jason argues that Judas’ act of collecting two thousand drachmas of silver to provide for a sin offering and prayers on behalf of the dead soldiers would have been foolish and superfluous unless he was expecting that this deed would somehow be helpful and bring atonement for the sin they had committed. From this, Jason concludes, Judas’ intent was to expiate for their grievous acts of idolatry so they would be able to partake in the resurrection of the righteous and receive the splendid reward awaiting them (verses 44-45). It should be noted that Paul uses the same “logical gymnastics” when arguing for a resurrection belief in 1 Corinthians 15:29 based on the practice of baptizing a person on behalf of the dead ..."
Jan A. Sigvartsen, “The Afterlife Views and the Use of the TaNaKh in Support of the Resurrection Concept in the Literature of Second Temple Period Judaism: The Apocrypha and the Pseudepigrapha” (diss., Andrews University, 2016), 38.
"... The major problem in this passage is the interpretation of “those who undergo baptism on behalf of the dead,” or “in place of the dead” in verse 29. The Corinthian practice to which Paul is alluding is mentioned only here, and not with sufficient clarity to understand precisely what the nature of the practice was. Consequently, the number of explanations of vv. 29–30 that have been proposed are legion. DeMaris has done well to situate the problem in what is known from archaeology and ancient anthropology about concern for the dead and the passage from life to death among contemporary Greeks and Romans, especially at Isthmia and in Corinthia as the centers where the cults of Palaimon and Demeter developed (“Corinthian Religion”). Such a concern about the afterlife and the underworld among Corinthians might explain why Christians who lived there developed their own practice of showing concern for the dead, whatever explanation is found best suited for “baptism on behalf of the dead” ... Marmorstein also relates to this passage the episode in 2 Maccabees 12:39–45, where Judas Maccabee provides an expiatory sacrifice in Jerusalem for those slain “inasmuch as he had the resurrection of the dead in view” ..."
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, First Corinthians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 578.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Maccabees 12:44 and 1 Corinthians 15:29

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