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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 11

1 Be imitators of me, just as I also am of Christ. 2 I praise you because you remember me in everything and maintain the traditions just as I passed them on to you. 3 But I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and the man is the head of a woman, and God is the head of Christ. 4 Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered disgraces his head. 5 But any woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered disgraces her head, for it is one and the same thing as having a shaved head.⁠ 6 For if a woman will not cover her head, she should cut off her hair. But if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, she should cover her head. 7 For a man should not have his head covered, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman is the glory of the man. 8 For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. 9 Neither was man created for the sake of woman, but woman for man. 10 For this reason a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels.⁠ 11 In any case, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman.⁠ 12 For just as woman came from man, so man comes through woman. But all things come from God. 13 Judge for yourselves: Is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered? 14 Does not nature itself teach you that if a man has long hair, it is a disgrace for him, 15 but if a woman has long hair, it is her glory? For her hair is given to her for a covering. 16 If anyone intends to quarrel about this, we have no other practice, nor do the churches of God. 17 Now in giving the following instruction I do not praise you, because you come together not for the better but for the worse. 18 For in the first place, when you come together as a church I hear there are divisions among you, and in part I believe it. 19 For there must in fact be divisions among you, so that those of you who are approved may be evident. 20 Now when you come together at the same place, you are not really eating the Lord’s Supper. 21 For when it is time to eat, everyone proceeds with his own supper. One is hungry and another becomes drunk.⁠ 22 Do you not have houses so that you can eat and drink? Or are you trying to show contempt for the church of God by shaming those who have nothing? What should I say to you? Should I praise you? I will not praise you for this! 23 For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night in which he was betrayed took bread, 24 and after he had given thanks he broke it and said, “This is my body, which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 25 In the same way, he also took the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, every time you drink it, in remembrance of me.” 26 For every time you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 27 For this reason, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord.⁠ 28 A person should examine himself first, and in this way let him eat the bread and drink of the cup. 29 For the one who eats and drinks without careful regard for the body eats and drinks judgment against himself.⁠ 30 That is why many of you are weak and sick, and quite a few are dead. 31 But if we examined ourselves, we would not be judged. 32 But when we are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined so that we may not be condemned with the world. 33 So then, my brothers and sisters, when you come together to eat, wait for one another. 34 If anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, so that when you assemble it does not lead to judgment. I will give directions about other matters when I come.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QSa 2:8 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

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Summary

The Dead Sea Scrolls community did not allow people with physical impairments to become leaders because they believed angels joined their assemblies. In 1 Corinthians, Paul uses similar language to connect conduct in worship with the presence of angels.

Passages

1QSa 2:8

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Rule of the Congregation
3 before the sons of Zadok, the priests. And any man afflicted with any one of all the impurities of 4 a human shall not enter the assembly of these. And any man afflicted with these, so as not 5 to hold a position in the midst of the congregation; and anyone afflicted in his flesh, crippled in feet or 6 hands, lame or blind or deaf or mute, or afflicted in his flesh with a blemish 7 visible to the eyes; or a stumbling old man who cannot hold himself up in the midst of the congregation: 8 these shall not enter to take their place in the midst of the congregation of the men of renown, for holy 9 angels are [in] their [congregation]. And if [one of] these has something to say to the holy council, 10 they shall inquire of him from his own mouth, but into the midst [of the congregation] the man shall [not] enter, for he is
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QSa

1 Corinthians 11:10

New Testament
6 For if a woman will not cover her head, she should cut off her hair. But if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, she should cover her head. 7 For a man should not have his head covered, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman is the glory of the man. 8 For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. 9 Neither was man created for the sake of woman, but woman for man. 10 For this reason a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels. 11 In any case, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... In terms of form, these texts provide a list, inspired by Leviticus 21:18-23, of categories of men who are not allowed to participate in the community, whether it be in the eschatological war (as in the War Rule) or the worshiping, eschatological assembly (as in the Rule of the Congregation Damascus Document and Florilegium). Of particular interest, notes Fitzmyer, is the explanatory formula 'for the angels of holiness shall be with' of which the construction διά plus the accusative τους αγγέλους in 1 Corinthians 11:10 is reminiscent. Taken together, the texts strengthen the view that the presence of angels was considered to have significant ramifications for the observance of purity regulations in the Qumran community ..."
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “A Feature of Qumran Angelology and the Angels of 1 Cor. XI. 10,” NTS 4.1 (1957): 48–58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1QSa 2:8 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

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