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1 Chronicles

About this book
Chapter 21

1 An adversary opposed Israel, inciting David to count how many warriors Israel had.⁠ 2 David told Joab and the leaders of the army, “Go, count the number of warriors from Beer Sheba to Dan. Then bring back a report to me so I may know how many we have.” 3 Joab replied, “May the Lord make his army a hundred times larger! My master, O king, do not all of them serve my master? Why does my master want to do this? Why bring judgment on Israel?” 4 But the king’s edict stood, despite Joab’s objections. So Joab left and traveled throughout Israel before returning to Jerusalem. 5 Joab reported to David the number of warriors. In all Israel there were 1,100,000 sword-wielding soldiers; Judah alone had 470,000 sword-wielding soldiers. 6 Now Joab did not number Levi and Benjamin, for the king’s edict disgusted him. 7 God was also offended by it, so he attacked Israel. 8 David said to God, “I have sinned greatly by doing this! Now, please remove the guilt of your servant, for I have acted very foolishly.” 9 The Lord told Gad, David’s prophet, 10 “Go, tell David, ‘This is what the Lord says: “I am offering you three forms of judgment from which to choose. Pick one of them.”’” 11 Gad went to David and told him, “This is what the Lord says: ‘Pick one of these:⁠ 12 three years of famine, or three months being chased by your enemies and struck down by their swords, or three days being struck down by the Lord, during which a plague will invade the land and the angel of the Lord will destroy throughout Israel’s territory.’ Now, decide what I should tell the one who sent me.” 13 David said to Gad, “I am very upset! I prefer to be attacked by the Lord, for his mercy is very great; I do not want to be attacked by men!” 14 So the Lord sent a plague through Israel, and 70,000 Israelite men died. 15 God sent an angel to ravage Jerusalem. As he was doing so, the Lord watched and relented from his judgment. He told the angel who was destroying, “That’s enough! Stop now!” Now the angel of the Lord was standing near the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. 16 David looked up and saw the angel of the Lord standing between the earth and sky with his sword drawn and in his hand, stretched out over Jerusalem. David and the leaders, covered with sackcloth, threw themselves down with their faces to the ground.⁠ 17 David said to God, “Was I not the one who decided to number the army? I am the one who sinned and committed this awful deed! As for these sheep—what have they done? O Lord my God, attack me and my family, but remove the plague from your people!” 18 So the angel of the Lord told Gad to instruct David to go up and build an altar for the Lord on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. 19 So David went up as Gad instructed him to do in the name of the Lord. 20 While Ornan was threshing wheat, he turned and saw the messenger, and he and his four sons hid themselves. 21 When David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David; he came out from the threshing floor and bowed to David with his face to the ground. 22 David said to Ornan, “Sell me the threshing floor so I can build on it an altar for the Lord—I’ll pay top price—so that the plague may be removed from the people.” 23 Ornan told David, “You can have it! My master, the king, may do what he wants. Look, I am giving you the oxen for burnt sacrifices, the threshing sledges for wood, and the wheat for an offering. I give it all to you.”⁠ 24 King David replied to Ornan, “No, I insist on buying it for top price. I will not offer to the Lord what belongs to you or offer a burnt sacrifice that cost me nothing. 25 So David bought the place from Ornan for 600 pieces of gold. 26 David built there an altar to the Lord and offered burnt sacrifices and peace offerings. He called out to the Lord, and the Lord responded by sending fire from the sky and consuming the burnt sacrifice on the altar. 27 The Lord ordered the messenger to put his sword back into its sheath. 28 At that time, when David saw that the Lord responded to him at the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite, he sacrificed there. 29 Now the Lord’s tabernacle (which Moses had made in the wilderness) and the altar for burnt sacrifices were at that time at the worship center in Gibeon. 30 But David could not go before it to seek God’s will, for he was afraid of the sword of the angel of the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Samuel 24:1 and 1 Chronicles 21:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Samuel says God prompted David’s census, but 1 Chronicles assigns it to an adversarial figure. This change highlights a shift toward removing God from blame, following a pattern seen in later Jewish traditions.

Passages

2 Samuel 24:1

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord’s anger again raged against Israel, and he incited David against them, saying, “Go count Israel and Judah.” 2 The king told Joab, the general in command of his army, “Go through all the tribes of Israel from Dan to Beer Sheba and muster the army, so I may know the size of the army.” 3 Joab replied to the king, “May the Lord your God make the army a hundred times larger right before the eyes of my lord the king! But why does my master the king want to do this?”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Samuel

1 Chronicles 21:1

Hebrew Bible
1 An adversary opposed Israel, inciting David to count how many warriors Israel had. 2 David told Joab and the leaders of the army, “Go, count the number of warriors from Beer Sheba to Dan. Then bring back a report to me so I may know how many we have.” 3 Joab replied, “May the Lord make his army a hundred times larger! My master, O king, do not all of them serve my master? Why does my master want to do this? Why bring judgment on Israel?”
400–301 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Chronicles

References

"... Who Really Was Behind the Test? With the development of and heightened interest in the doctrine of Satan, demons, and angels more generally, which we see among Jewish people beginning around 200 BCE, the question of ultimate and intermediate causes of evil things becomes a focal point for intense speculation. In the case of the Aqedah, this resulted in questioning whether God could be the immediate cause of a test, which called on Abraham to violate the law that God gave to Israel. In Jubilees 17:16–18, Abraham, not Isaac, is the focus of the story. The gap that Jubilees fills in is to explain how God could test Abraham to do such a thing. Like the righteous Job, Abraham is tested by Satan (Mastemah), who argues that Abraham loves his son more than God. It is Satan, not God, therefore, who initiates the test. Jubilees may well be following the lead of the author of Chronicles, who reinterprets his source text in 2 Samuel. In 2 Samuel 24:1, Yahweh, angry with Israel, commands David to number Israel and then hands downs judgment on the nation when David obeys. Referring to this incident, in 1 Chronicles 21:1 we read, “Then Satan stood up against Israel and provoked David to number Israel.” The author of Chronicles may be explaining the intermediate cause, Satan, for David’s taking the census, rather than the ultimate cause, Yahweh. In the same way, Jubilees, by introducing Satan into the Aqedah, may be attempting to explain the intermediate rather than the immediate cause ..."
Paul J. Kissling, “The Near-Sacrifice of Isaac: Monstrous Morality or Richly Textured Theology?” in Wrestling with the Violence of God: Soundings in the Old Testament, ed. M. Daniel Carroll R. and J. Blair Wilgus (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2015), 15–30.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Samuel 24:1 and 1 Chronicles 21:1

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