“... Of course, not all scepticism about the afterlife need be Epicurean in origin. But the widely known Epicurean position, or at least a caricature of it, provided an available category both for those inclined to be sceptical to identify with and for those wishing to counter such scepticism to oppose. Jewish scepticism about judgment after death never speaks to us with its own voice in the extant literature: its expression is always attributed to it by its opponents, who sometimes at least cast it in Epicurean terms. The sinners whose attitudes are described in detail in the early chapters of Wisdom are certainly cast in the popular image of Epicureanism: they regard death as the end of existence and see this belief as leaving them free to live as wickedly as they choose. More immediately relevant to the Apocalypse of Peter, if we are right to locate it in Palestine, is a tradition that occurs in the Palestinian Targums. Such traditions are, of course, very difficult to date, but this one has been quite plausibly argued to go back to our period. It occurs at Genesis 4:8 and describes a dispute between Cain and Abel following the acceptance of Abel's sacrifice and the rejection of Cain's. Cain takes this as evidence that the world is not governed justly, i.e. good deeds are not rewarded as they should be. But the denial of providential justice is then extended to a denial of eschatological justice in another world. Cain says: There is no judgment, there is no Judge, there is no other world, ...”