“... Peter quotes an eschatological restoration text, Joel 2:28–32, which could be among the passages that Luke indicates that Jesus taught his disciples (Luke 24:44–45). Ancient speakers displayed their knowledge with numerous quotations and allusions; Jewish teachers cited Scripture. But they regularly paraphrased wording as needed to suit the present application. Peter’s additions to Joel’s text emphasize that what is occurring fulfills the eschatological promise of prophetic empowerment hence that the time of eschatological fulfillment has arrived. [...] Peter’s most significant changes: (1) highlight Joel’s emphasis on the gift’s eschatological character, by the last days (2:17); (2) reinforce Joel’s on the prophetic character of the gift, by adding, and they shall prophesy (2:18); (3) an ethnically universalized application of all flesh (2:17) in Luke’s later context (see 2:39); (4) an emphasis on the present fulfillment (not in Joel), by linking the earthly “signs” (2:19) with Jesus’s ministry in 2:22. ...”