Texts in Conversation
Exodus 19 describes God making the Sinai covenant with the generation that left Egypt. In Deuteronomy, Moses instead tells the next generation that the covenant was made with them, not their ancestors.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Exodus 19:1
Hebrew Bible
1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai. 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain, “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel:
Deuteronomy 5:3
Hebrew Bible
1 Then Moses called all the people of Israel together and said to them: “Listen, Israel, to the statutes and ordinances that I am about to deliver to you today; learn them and be careful to keep them! 2 The Lord our God made a covenant with us at Horeb. 3 He did not make this covenant with our ancestors but with us, we who are here today, all of us living now. 4 The Lord spoke face to face with you at the mountain, from the middle of the fire.
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Notes and References
“... One truly remarkable passage, Deuteronomy 5:1-5, illustrates this point, and I can’t tell you how many times I read this before I finally saw it. Moses relays the Ten Commandments to this new generation of Israelites living forty years after these commandments were first given on Mt. Horeb (Sinai), and he says: Hear, O Israel, the statutes and ordinances that I am addressing to you today; you shall learn them and observe them diligently. The LORD our God made a covenant with us at Horeb. Not with our ancestors did the LORD make this covenant, but with us, who are all of us here alive today. The LORD spoke with you face to face at the mountain, out of the fire. ‘With us . . . with us . . . with you . . . to you.’ How can that be? The whole point of the forty-year time-out between Sinai and Moab was for the disobedient original generation to die in the wilderness, so God could start over again with a new batch of Israelites. So why is this writer treating this new generation as if they were present forty years ago when by definition they weren’t? This makes no sense. Or does it? Think of Deuteronomy as a motivational sermon. The second generation was to see itself as the ‘exodus generation,’ to whom God is present and accessible, not a long-gone deity from days of old. Deuteronomy reimagines God for a new time and place. ...”
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