Texts in Conversation
Jubilees, in its retelling of Genesis, shows its awareness of the traditions in 1 Enoch by echoing its language and incorporating its narratives, here describing the punishment of the rebellious Watchers.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 10:12
Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
11 And the Lord said to Michael: 'Go, bind Semjâzâ and his companions who have joined with women and defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. 12 And when their sons have killed each other, and they have seen the destruction of their loved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, until the day of their judgment and their ultimate end, until the judgment that lasts forever is completed. 13 In those days they will be taken to the abyss of fire: to the torment and the prison where they will be confined forever. 14 And whoever is condemned and destroyed will from then on be bound together with them till the end of all ages.
Date: 300 BCE – 100 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
Jubileees 5:10
Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
9 And He sent His sword into their midst that each should kill his neighbour, and they began to kill each other till they all fell by the sword and were destroyed from the earth. 10 And their fathers were witnesses (of their destruction), and after this they were bound in the depths of the earth for ever, until the day of the great condemnation, when judgment is executed on all those who have corrupted their ways and their works before the Lord. 11 And He destroyed all from their places, and there was not one of them left whom He did not judge according to all their wickedness.
Date: 170–125 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Different from verses 4-5 (and Jude 6, which follows it at this point), these verses do not use the language of burial and underworld. Valleys play an important part of the penal geography of the Book of Parables. Compare chapters. 53, 54, 56, 67. See also Jubilees 5:10, which paraphrases this passage. The repetitious language at the end of the verse is most closely paralleled in 16:1, where there are also textual problems ..."
George W. E. Nickelsburg, A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch Chapters 1-36, 81-108 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 225.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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