Texts in Conversation
4Q258 requires rebuke before witnesses before an accusation reaches the congregation. Matthew 18 gives a sequence of private correction, witnesses, and appeal to the assembly.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
4Q258 2:5
Community Rule
Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts
2 to be done, at the word of the majority of Israel who volunteer to return in community. And they shall be written each before his fellow in order, each according to his understanding 3 and his deeds in the Torah, so that all obey, each his fellow, the lesser the greater. And they shall examine their spirit and their deeds 4 in the Torah year by year, to promote each according to his understanding or to set him back according to his failings; to reprove each his fellow, and loving kindness. 5 And no one shall speak to his fellow in anger or in complaint or in wicked jealousy. And also, no one shall bring a matter against his fellow before the many 6 unless it is with reproof before witnesses. In these ways they shall walk in all their dwelling places, everyone who is found with his fellow. And [the lesser] shall obey 7 the greater in work and in property. [Together] they shall eat, together they shall bless, and together they shall take counsel. And in every [place where there are ten]
Date: 160–60 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Matthew 18:16
New Testament
15 “If your brother sins, go and show him his fault when the two of you are alone. If he listens to you, you have regained your brother. 16 But if he does not listen, take one or two others with you, so that at the testimony of two or three witnesses every matter may be established. 17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church. If he refuses to listen to the church, treat him like a Gentile or a tax collector. 18 “I tell you the truth, whatever you bind on earth will have been bound in heaven, and whatever you release on earth will have been released in heaven. 19 Again, I tell you the truth, if two of you on earth agree about whatever you ask, my Father in heaven will do it for you.
Date: 70–90 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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