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Sirach and 2 Maccabees praise Nehemiah as the primary figure responsible for rebuilding the Temple and restoring Jerusalem, but neither mentions Ezra. This omission is notable given Ezra’s prominence in other biblical traditions.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Sirach 49:13
Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
Deuterocanon
11 How shall we magnify Zerubbabel? He was like a signet ring on the right hand. 12 So was Jesus the son of Josedek, who in their days built the house, and exalted a people holy to the Lord, prepared for everlasting glory. 13 Also of Nehemiah the memory is great. He raised up for us fallen walls, set up the gates and bars, and rebuilt our houses. 14 No man was created upon the earth like Enoch, for he was taken up from the earth. 15 Nor was there a man born like Joseph, a leader of his kindred, a supporter of the people. Even his bones were cared for.
Date: 195–180 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
2 Maccabees 1:21
Deuterocanon
19 For indeed when our fathers were about to be led into the land of Persia, the godly priests of that time took some of the fire of the altar, and hid it secretly in the hollow of a well that was without water, where they made sure that the place was unknown to anyone. 20 Now after many years, when it pleased God, Nehemiah, having received a charge from the king of Persia, sent in quest of the fire the descendants of the priests who hid it. When they declared to us that they had found no fire, but thick liquid, he commanded them to draw some of it out and bring it to him. 21 When the sacrifices had been offered, Nehemiah commanded the priests to sprinkle with that liquid both the wood and the things laid on it. 22 When that was done and some time had passed, and the sun shone out, which before was hidden with clouds, a great blaze was kindled, so that all men marveled. 23 The priests made a prayer while the sacrifice was being consumed—both the priests and all the others. Jonathan led and the rest responded, as Nehemiah did.
Date: 160–63 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Scholars have long debated whether Ezra was a real historical figure, with some claiming he was a fictive creation and others arguing that Ezra was not only real but, in fact, the original source for the authors who wrote the biblical book that carried his name. What is clear, in any case, is that there was a circle of early Jews — however small or influential — who were sympathetic to Ezra and worked to preserve his legacy and the values, traditions, and activities they associated with him. On the other hand, there exists a range of other ancient Jewish sources where, much as in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Ezra is largely absent. One example is the famous “Praise of the Ancestors,” a hymn offered by the second-century B.C.E. priestly sage Ben Sira that is included within the apocryphal work that takes his name ... when we reach the time of the return from exile and the beginning of the restoration period, where we might reasonably expect Ezra to be mentioned we read nothing ... Ben Sira credits the leadership of Zerubbabel and Jeshua and praises the achievements of Nehemiah, but he has not a word about Ezra ... Second Maccabees, another second-century B.C.E. Jewish work, similarly presents Nehemiah alone as the one who built the Temple and the altar ..."
Charlotte Hempel, “Ezra and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” BAR (2022): 55–58.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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