Texts in Conversation
Zechariah 14 alludes to Exodus 15 by portraying God as a warrior who fights on behalf of his people, echoing the song of Moses that celebrates divine victory. This connection places Zechariah in continuity with the Exodus tradition, using the same language of divine combat for deliverance.
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Exodus 15:3
Hebrew Bible
1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord. They said, “I will sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously, the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea. 2 The Lord is my strength and my song, and he has become my salvation. This is my God, and I will praise him, my father’s God, and I will exalt him. 3 The Lord is a man of war10— the Lord is his name. 4 The chariots of Pharaoh and his army he has thrown into the sea, and his chosen officers were drowned in the Red Sea.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Zechariah 14:3
Hebrew Bible
1 A day of the Lord is about to come when your possessions will be divided as plunder in your midst. 2 For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to wage war; the city will be taken, its houses plundered, and the women raped. Then half of the city will go into exile, but the remainder of the people will not be taken away. 3 Then the Lord will go to battle and fight against those nations, just as he fought battles in ancient days. 4 On that day his feet will stand on the Mount of Olives that lies to the east of Jerusalem, and the Mount of Olives will be split in half from east to west, leaving a great valley. Half the mountain will move northward and the other half southward.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Narratives of divine warriors begin with a simple metaphor, for example, “The Lord is a man of war” (Exodus 15:3). Once that figure is projected onto the Unknown, it invites—even necessitates—elaboration. If the gods are warriors, there must be terrible enemies, natural or supernatural; they will need celestial weapons (and what could be more appropriate than lightning, hail, wind?); the god and his “host” will need armor, armories, forges, mounts and chariots, bridles and reins, stables, divine wranglers and artisans, and probably celestial oats (fertilized, one supposes, with celestial dung). The metaphor God is Warrior vies with God is Father as the most frequently encountered in the Western tradition of mythological and religious narratives. This fact prompts the question: what is it about human existence that results in this sort of privileging of a combatative ideal? Clearly war gods must emerge from and exist among a cluster of related ideas and attitudes, perhaps fundamental to human nature but especially prominent in the early social, political, and religious narratives of the West. Whatever the case, narratives extolling combative prowess attach alike to divine and human actors. Whether man or god, the “hero with a thousand faces” (Campbell) or “the hero of tradition” (Raglan) enacts a narrative pattern apparently imposed through human desire and need ..."
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