Texts in Conversation
Fragments of 1 Enoch from Qumran, including scroll 4Q201, recount the unions of heavenly beings and women that produced giants and spread forbidden knowledge. These show that 1 Enoch was already being copied before the Dead Sea Scrolls community used it.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 6:7
Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a solemn promise to do so. 6 And there were in total two hundred who descended on the summit of Mount Hermon in the days of Jared, and they named it Mount Hermon because they had taken an oath and bound themselves with solemn promises there. 7 And these are the names of their leaders: Samîazâz, their leader, Arâkîba, Râmêêl, Kôkabîêl, Tâmîêl, Râmîêl, Dânêl, Êzêqêêl, Barâqîjâl, Asâêl, Armârôs, Batârêl, Anânêl, Zaqîêl, Samsâpêêl, Satarêl, Tûrêl, Jômjâêl, Sariêl. 8 These are their chiefs of tens.
4Q201 1 iii 5
The Enoch Scroll
Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings
5 they swore and bound [one another] by a curse on it. And these are [the names of their chiefs:] 6 Shemihazah, who [was their head; Arataqoph,] second to him; Ramtael, [third] 7 to him; Kokabel, [fourth to him; … fifth] to him; Ramael, [sixth to him;] 8 Daniel, seventh [to him; Ziqiel, eighth] to him; Baraqel, ninth [to him;] 9 Asael, tenth [to him; Hermoni, eleventh] to him; Matarel, twelfth [to him;] 10 Ananel, thirteenth [to him;] Shatawel, fourteenth to him; Shamshiel, [fifteenth] 11 to him; Shahriel, sixteenth to him; Tummiel, seventeenth [to him;] 12 Turiel, eighteenth to him; Yomiel, nineteenth to him; [Yehaddiel, twentieth to him.] 13 These are the chiefs of the chiefs of tens. They [and their chiefs all took for themselves]
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Notes and References
"... On the basis of literary dependence and thematic similarity, scholars consider Genesis 6:1–2, 4 as the source text especially for 1 Enoch 6:1–2 and 7:1–2, where the only major departure from the biblical text is the presentation of sexual intercourse between the sons of God and mortal women as sinful. Then, it is claimed, creative reinterpretation of the primeval story attested in Genesis 6–11 generated the rest of 1 Enoch 6–11. Through the lens of its relationship to the biblical primeval story, the myth is understood as an etiological explanation of evil and violence on the earth caused by the rebellion of the angelic beings, who by mating with the women transgressed the divinely established order inherent in the created world. Józef T. Milik, the editor of the Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch from Qumran, reverses the direction of dependence between the two texts and claims that the Genesis mythological account, which literally repeats two or three phrases from 4Q201 and 4Q202, abbreviates chapters 6–7 of 1 Enoch. Thus, the abridged and allusive formulation of Genesis 6:1–4 deliberately refers back to the Enochic document. Some scholars have accepted Milik’s proposal but stress the possibility that the relationship stems from a common source ..."
Drawnel, Henryk
"The Reception of Genesis 6:1-4 in 1 Enoch 6-7" in Dubovský, Peter, and Federico Giuntoli (eds.) Stones, Tablets, and Scrolls: Periods of the Formation of the Bible
(pp. 461-483) Mohr Siebeck, 2020
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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