"... the Bible was understood not to outlaw hatred per se, but hidden hatred, and to indicate that the way to prevent such hidden hatred was through open reproach (if only in the judicial sense). But what then of the law found in the very next verse, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself" (Leviticus 19:18)? Did not this commandment go well beyond outlawing hatred, hidden or otherwise, and enjoin people to act lovingly toward one another under any circumstances? The answer depended, of course, on how the words were understood. They might mean, to be sure: You shall love your neighbor in the same way that you love yourself ... But this was hardly the only possible sense for ancient interpreters, perhaps not even the most likely ..."