Texts in Conversation
Romans 11 uses the Greek Septuagint translation of Psalm 68, which describes God’s enemies with darkened eyes and bent backs. Paul combines this with Isaiah and Deuteronomy to depict the rejection of his message as part of a recurring pattern.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
LXX Psalms 68:24
Septuagint
21 My soul has waited for reproach and misery; and I waited for one to grieve with me, but there was none; and for one to comfort me, but I found none. 22 They gave me also gall for my food, and made me drink vinegar for my thirst. 23 Let their table before them be for a snare, and for a punishment, and for a stumbling block. 24 Let their eyes be darkened that they should not see; and bow down their back continually. 25 Pour out your fierce anger upon them, and let the fury of your anger take hold on them.
Date: 100–1 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Romans 11:10
New Testament
8 as it is written, “God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that would not see and ears that would not hear, to this very day.” 9 And David says, “Let their table become a snare and trap, a stumbling block and a retribution for them; 10 let their eyes be darkened so that they may not see, and make their backs bend continually.” 11 I ask then, they did not stumble into an irrevocable fall, did they? Absolutely not! But by their transgression salvation has come to the Gentiles, to make Israel jealous. 12 Now if their transgression means riches for the world and their defeat means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their full restoration bring?
Date: 55–58 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... As was the case in Romans 10:19-21, so also here each passage plays an important role in shaping Paul’s reading of the other. By means of Isaiah’s (“spirit of stupor”), Paul transmutes Moses’ lament that God has not yet granted Israel an understanding heart into the much stronger claim that God has, in fact, directly caused Israel’s spiritual insensibility. (The wording “eyes such as do not see ... ears such as do not hear” may reflect Paul’s desire to connect this citation with the words of “David” that follow in Romans 11:9-10 (compare Romans 11:10 / Psalm 68:24 LXX) And it is Deuteronomy’s insistence that their blindness persists “to the present day” that gives Paul interpretive leverage to read the description of Isaiah’s opponents in Isaiah 29:10 as a diagnosis of his contemporaries’ failure to believe the gospel ..."
J. Ross Wagner, “Moses and Isaiah in Concert: Paul's Reading of Isaiah and Deuteronomy in the Letter to the Romans,” in "As Those Who Are Taught": The Interpretation of Isaiah from the LXX to the SBL, ed. Claire Mathews McGinnis and Patricia K. Tull, SymS 27 (Atlanta: SBL, 2006), 87–105.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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