4Q266

Damascus Document

Dead Sea Scrolls · 100 B.C.E. - 80 B.C.E.

The title ‘Damascus Document’ derives from the references in the Exhortation to the ‘New Covenant’ made ‘in the land of Damascus’. The document was written in about 100 BCE and is divided into an Exhortation and a list of Statutes. In the Exhortation, the preacher - probably a Guardian of the Community - addresses his ‘sons’ on the themes of the sect’s teaching, many of which appear also in the Community Rule. His aim is to encourage the sectaries to remain faithful, and with this end in view he sets out to demonstrate from the history of Israel and the Community that fidelity is always rewarded and apostasy chastised. Based on the text provided by Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley, and Edward M. Cook.

Fragments 1a-b

1 [The exact account of the judgments for the instructor, for the] sons of light, to keep away from the [ways of wickedness] 2 […] until the appointed time of visitation is complete, in [a spirit of iniquity] 3 [… God will] destroy all its works, bringing destruction 4 on [those who err in spirit …] to those who move the boundary, and he will bring destruction [on those who do] 5 wickedness. [… And now, listen] to me, and I will make known to you the fearsome [plans of God] 6 [and his] wonderful [mighty deeds] … I will recount to you [what is hidden] 7 from humankind, [the number of the] days that all … live […] 8 in the depth of […] … […] 9 he sealed […] 10 […] 12 […] 13 … […] 14 in the commandments of […] 15 in the offering of [… they did not listen] 16 to the voice of Moses […] 17 slander against the statutes and commandments of God [… to do] 18 small and great … […] 19 Make known to us … […] 20 your speech, if […] 21 you stood and considered […] 22 ashes, they will return the … [… dust] 23 and ashes, and who … [… not] 24 you [considered …] 25 and … […]

Fragments 1c-f

1 [… abundant] forgiveness … […] 2 [… as] he commanded by the hand of Moses […] 3 […] … humankind … […] 4 […] … wiped out the … flames of […] 5 […] … to speak … God … […] 6 […] … their guilt […]

Fragment 2 i

1 [flesh and creature, what is its beginning and what is its end …] … […] until 2 [it comes upon them …] for there is no [advancing] or delaying their appointed times. 3 [… he] decreed an age of wrath for a people that did not know him, 4 [and he established appointed times of favor for those who] seek his commandments and for those who walk in perfection of way. 5 [And he uncovered their eyes to hidden things, and] their ears they opened, and they heard deep things and understood 6 [all that will be, as far as what will come upon them.] And now, listen, all you who know 7 righteousness, and [consider the works of God. For he has a dispute with] all flesh, and he will carry out judgment 8 on all who spurn [him. For when they were unfaithful and abandoned him,] he hid his face from Israel and from his sanctuary 9 and gave them over [to the sword. But when he remembered the covenant of the first ones, he left a remnant] for Israel and did not 10 give them over to [destruction. And in the age of wrath,] three hundred [and ninety] years after he gave them into the hand of 11 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, he visited them, [and he made sprout from Israel] and from Aaron a root of 12 planting, to possess his [land and to grow fat on the goodness of his soil. And they considered] their iniquity and knew 13 that they were guilty, [but they were like the blind and like those who grope for the way] for twenty years. 14 And God considered their deeds, [for they sought him with a whole heart, and he raised up for them a teacher of righteousness,] 15 to guide them in the way of his heart. [And he made known to the last generations what] 16 he did in the last generation [to the congregation of traitors. They are those who turn from the way. And this is the time] 17 about which it was written, [… “Like a stubborn heifer, so Israel was stubborn,”] 18 when the man of mockery arose, [who poured out on Israel waters of falsehood] and led them astray in a waste 19 with no way, to bring low the [everlasting] heights [and to turn aside from the paths of righteousness, and] to move the boundary 20 that the first ones had marked out [in their inheritance, so that] the curses of his covenant [would cling to them,] 21 handing them over to the sword [that carries out the vengeance of the covenant. For they sought] smooth things 22 and chose illusions [and watched for breaches, and they chose the fair] neck, and they declared righteous 23 [the wicked and declared wicked the righteous. They transgressed the covenant and broke the statute, and] they banded together against 24 [the life of the righteous … and all who walk in perfection] their soul [detested.] 25 [… They pursued them with the sword and rejoiced in the strife of the people.]

Fragment 2 ii

1 And the anger of God burned against their congregation, [to lay waste all their multitude, and their works were impurity] 2 before him. And now, listen [to me, all who enter the covenant, and I will uncover your ear concerning the ways of the wicked,] 3 and from all the paths of [sinners I will keep you away. God loves knowledge; wisdom and sound counsel] 4 he has set before him, and prudence [and knowledge serve him. Abundant forgiveness is with him, to atone] 5 for all who turn back from [transgression; but strength and might and great wrath with flames of fire by all the angels of destruction,] 6 with no remnant [or survivor for those who turn from the way and detest the statute. For God did not choose them] 7 from of old, from eternity. [And before they were established he knew their works, and he detested their generations] 8 and hid [his face from the land until they were finished. And he knew the years of their standing] 9 and the number … [and the exact account of their ages, for all who exist through the ages, and what will be,] 10 as far as what [will come in their ages, for all the years of eternity. And in all of them he raised up for himself] 11 men called [so as to leave a remnant for the land and to fill the face of the world] 12 with [their] seed. [And he made known to] them [by the hand of those anointed with his holy spirit, and the prophets of truth,] 13 with the exact list of their names. [But those whom he hated he led astray. And now, sons, listen] 14 to me, [and I will uncover your eyes to see and to understand the works of God, and to choose] 15 what [pleases him and to reject what he hates … to walk] 16 perfectly in all [his ways and not to stray after the thoughts of a guilty inclination and eyes of fornication. For] 17 mighty warriors have stumbled [through them, from of old until now. Because they walked in the stubbornness of their heart,] 18 the Watchers of [heaven fell; they were caught by it, because they did not keep the commandments of God. And their sons, whose height was like cedars] 19 [and whose bodies were like] mountains, [fell. All flesh that was on dry land perished, and they were] 20 as though they had not [been, because they did their own will and did not keep the commandments of their maker, until his anger] 21 burned [against them. Through it the sons of] Noah [went astray, and their families; through it they were cut off. Abraham] 22 [did not walk in it, and he was counted a] friend, because [he kept the commandments of God and did not choose the will of his own spirit. And he handed them on] 23 [to Isaac and to Jacob, and they kept them and were] written down [as friends of God and partners in the covenant forever.]

Fragment 2 iii

5 [… and the] anger of 6 [God burned against their congregation …] 7 […] 18 […] 19 [… Israel] 20 [from me … who went out] from the [land]

Fragment 3 i

1 [God atoned] for [them, and they declared the righteous righteous and the wicked wicked. And all who come after them,] 2 [acting] according to the exact [meaning of the Torah in which the first ones were instructed, until the] completion of the age, 3 [by the number of] these [years: according to the covenant that God established with the first] ones, to atone 4 [for] their [iniquities,] so [God will atone for them. And when the age of] these [years is complete,] 5 [there will be no more joining the house of Judah, but each one will stand on] his [watchtower.] 6 [The wall is built; the statute is far away. And in all these years Belial will be] let loose 7 [against Israel, as God spoke by the hand of Isaiah the prophet, son of Amoz,] saying,

Fragment 3 ii

1 [they speak against] them. All [of them are kindlers of fire and lighters of brands; webs of a spider are their webs,] 2 [and eggs of] vipers are their eggs. [Whoever comes near them will not be held innocent; the more he does so, the guiltier he is,] 3 [unless he was] forced. For from of old [God visited] their works, [and his anger burned against their deeds,] 4 [for it is a people] without understanding. [They are a nation] lacking counsel, [because there is no] 5 [understanding in them. For in] ancient times there arose [Moses and] Aaron by the hand of the Prince of Lights, [and] 6 [Belial raised up] Jannes and [his brother in] his [cunning,] when [Israel] acted wickedly 7 [the first] time. [And in the age of the devastation of the land] there arose those who moved the boundary, [and they led] 8 [Israel astray. And the land became desolate, for they spoke rebellion against] the commandments of God given by the hand of [Moses, and also] 9 [against the holy anointed ones. And they prophesied falsehood, to turn] Israel away from following [God. But] 10 [God remembered the covenant of the first ones, and he raised up from Aaron men of] understanding, and from Israel wise men, and he made [them hear. And they dug the well] of which Moses said, [“The well] 11 [that princes dug, that the nobles of the people excavated with a] staff.” The well is the [Torah, and those who dug it] 12 [are the returnees of Israel who went out from the] land of Judah and sojourned [in the land of Damascus,] 13 [all of whom God called princes, for] all of them [sought him,] and [their renown was] not [turned back] 14 […] 15 […] 16 […] 17 [until there arises one who teaches righteousness in the last days. And] all who were brought 18 [into the covenant] so as not [to enter the sanctuary to kindle his altar, he is] one who closes the door, 19 of whom [God] said, [“Who among you will close my door, so that you do not] kindle my altar in vain?” 20 [They shall] take [care to act according to the exact meaning of the Torah for the age of] wickedness: to separate from the sons of 21 [iniquity,] and [to keep away from the unclean wealth of wickedness, got by] vow and by [ban, and from the wealth of] 22 [the sanctuary; not to rob the poor of his people, making] widows their spoil [and] 23 [murdering orphans;] to distinguish [between the impure and the pure, and to make known the difference between the holy and the common;] 24 [to keep] the [sabbath day according to its exact meaning, and the festivals and the day of the fast,]

Fragment 3 iii

4 [according to the commandment, and not to bear a grudge from] one day [to the next; to separate from all impurities] 5 [according to their rule; and for no] one [to defile his holy spirit, as God set them apart.] 6 [All who walk in these in holy] perfection, [according to all his instruction,] 7 […] 16 […] 17 the [booth of David …] 18 … [… the] assembly. [And the pedestals of the images] are the books of the prophets, 19 [whose words Israel despised. And the star] is the interpreter of the Torah 20 [who comes to] Damascus, as it is written, “A [star] marches [out of Jacob,] 21 [and a scepter rises] out of Israel.” The scepter is the prince of all [the congregation, and when he arises] 22 [he will tear down] all the sons of Seth. These [escaped in the age of] 23 the first [visitation], but those who turned back were handed over to the sword. [And such is the] judgment 24 for all who enter his covenant who do not hold fast [to these:] they will be visited [for destruction by the] hand of 25 Belial. [That is the] day when [God] will visit, as [he said,] “The [princes of]

Fragment 3 iv

1 [Judah were on the] day when [you will pour out wrath on them, for they hope in vain for healing,] 2 [and they will be pierced.] All are rebels, [because they did not turn from the way of traitors,] 3 [and they] wallowed in the ways of fornication [and in the wealth of wickedness, taking revenge and bearing a grudge each against his brother,] 4 [and each hating] his fellow. [And each hid himself from] his [own flesh and blood,] and they drew near 5 [for depravity and grew mighty for wealth and gain, and each did what was right in] his [own eyes.] And they chose, 6 [each one, the stubbornness of his heart, and they did not keep apart from the people. And they cast off restraint with a high hand,] walking

Fragment 4

7 when they hear [them … and] their heart [will be strong …] 8 and [God will] atone [for them,] and they will see [his] salvation […] 9 […] and the statutes of […] 10 […] … […] 11 God [one] shepherd, and he will feed them in [a pasture …] 12 … […] and it will be […] and he will choose for himself […] 13 […] mercies […]

Fragment 5 i

1 […] you will be innocent … […] 2 […] … taken by force … […] 3 […] … the judgments […] 4 […] … He shall not … […] 5 […] the last … […] 6 […] … with … […] 7 […] … […] 8 […] and the mighty in strength in what is revealed […] 9 [… those who hold] fast to [his] holy name, they 10 […] … for in Judah there was found a [conspiracy] 11 [to return to the iniquity of their fathers …] for Israel when there arises 12 [… among the inhabitants of Jerusalem.] And all who remain […] 13 […] … each according to [his] spirit [shall be brought] near 14 […] … shall be kept away at the word of the overseer. And all 15 [… shall] walk in them, all the returnees of Israel … […] 16 [… the] sons of Zadok, the priests, behold, they 17 [… the] last [study of the] Torah. And these are the statutes for the instructor 18 […] in them for all Israel, for [God] will not save […] … all … 19 […] in his way, to walk [perfectly …]

Fragments 5ic-d

1 […] … […] … 2 […] for all the upright of heart in Israel 3 […] his statute they declared just … […] 4 […] … […]

Fragment 5 ii

1 […] … and everyone who [is slow of tongue or with a halting voice] 2 [speaks, and] does not divide his words so as to make [his voice] heard, [none of these shall read from the book of] 3 [the Torah,] lest he cause error in a capital matter […] 4 […] … his brothers the priests in the service, [and] not [… A man] 5 from the sons of Aaron who has been taken captive by the nations […] 6 to profane it with their impurity. He shall not approach the [holy] service […] 7 inside the veil, and he shall not eat the most holy [things …] 8 A man from the sons of Aaron who wanders off to serve [the nations …] 9 to teach his people the foundation of the people, and also to betray … [… A man from the sons of] 10 Aaron who has let his name fall from the truth and [… walked] 11 in the stubbornness of his heart, to eat of the holy […] 12 from Israel, the counsel of the sons of Aaron … […] 13 the food, and he is liable for blood […] 14 in their genealogy. And this is the rule for the settlement of [the cities of Israel … the men of] 15 holiness [in] their [camps and] their cities, in all […] 16 … [… the settlement of] … […]

Fragment 6 i, margin

0 […] the scab of a bald forehead …

Fragment 6 i

1 [… and] if the [swelling] or the scab [is low …] 2 [from the skin … the] priest, and the priest sees it like the appearance of living flesh, and … […] 3 [… it is skin disease] that has taken hold in the living skin. And according to this rule […] 4 […] and the priest shall look on the seventh day, and behold, something of the living has been added [to] 5 [the dead … it is] a malignant skin disease. And the rule for a scall of the head and the [beard] 6 [… and the priest shall look, and] behold, the spirit has entered the head or the beard, taking hold 7 in the artery, and [the affliction has] sprouted [beneath the] hair and has turned its appearance to fine yellow, for it is like a plant 8 that has a worm beneath it, which cuts its root so that its blossom withers. And as for what 9 it says, “And the priest shall command, and they shall shave the head, but the scall they shall not shave,” it is so that 10 the priest may count the dead and the living hairs and see whether any has been added from 11 the living to the dead during the seven days: he is impure. But if none has been added from the living 12 to the dead, and the artery is full of blood, and the spirit of life goes up and down in it, [the affliction is healed.] 13 This is the rule of the [instruction concerning] skin disease for the sons of Aaron, to distinguish … […] 14 … [And the] rule for one who has a discharge: every man [who has a] discharge 15 from his flesh, [or who] lets a [depraved] thought arise in him, or [who …] 16 […] … […] his touch […]

Fragment 6ia

1 […] … […] 2 […] the family of … […]

Fragment 6ib

1 […] the flesh […] 2 […] the rule […]

Fragment 6ic

1 […] … they turn aside 2 […] and he shall be separated, and if … […] 3 […] to cover, and he shall wash [his] garment […] 4 […] … […]

Fragment 6id

1 […] … the blood returned […] 2 […] or … […]

Fragment 6ie

1 […] upon 2 […] every affliction 3 […] to pass 4 […] …

Fragment 6 ii

1 […] … the woman … [who] draws near 2 [to her, the] iniquity of menstrual impurity is on him. And if she sees it again, and it is not [at the time of] 3 [her menstruation,] seven days. And she shall not eat anything holy and shall not [enter] 4 the sanctuary until sunset on the eighth day. 5 And a woman who [conceives] and bears a male [shall be impure] for the seven [days,] 6 as in [the days of] her menstrual [impurity. And on the eighth day the flesh of] his foreskin [shall be circumcised.] 7 [And thirty-three days she shall remain in the blood of her purification. And if she bears a female,] 8 [she shall be impure two weeks, as in her] menstruation, and [sixty-six days she shall remain in the blood of] 9 [her purification. And she] shall not eat [anything holy and shall not enter the sanctuary,] 10 [for] it is a capital [offense … she shall give the] 11 child to a nurse in purity […] 12 [And] if [her] means do not suffice [for a lamb, she shall take a pigeon or a turtledove for a burnt offering] 13 [and] substitute it for the [lamb …]

Fragment 6aii

1 […] pigeon […] 2 [… and] so is the rule […] 3 […] … or […]

Fragment 6aiii

1 […] … […] 2 […] and the harvest […] 3 […] fruit trees […] 4 […] at the pruning […]

Fragment 6 iii

1 […] … […] … 2 […] the water of cleansing […] 3 God […] upon 4 [the gleaning] and the fallen grapes of the [vineyard: up to ten berries is] the gleaning 5 […] and all the gleaning [is up to a seah to the] seah-field. 6 [And one] whose seed is in it: there is no [offering] in it […] fallen fruit […] 7 […] and in its gleaning up to ten [berries.] And in the beating 8 [of the olive tree and the] fruit of its produce, if [it is whole,] its beating 9 is [one in] thirty … […] … the 10 [… And if the field is trampled or scorched by] burning …

Fragment 6biii

1 […] … which 2 […] … from the fruit of 3 […] a second time 4 […] …

Fragment 6 iv

1 […] … […] … [… all the first fruits of] 2 the plantings of the vineyard [and] all the fruit trees and all the trees for [food shall be] theirs, 3 according to their rule, [in the] holy [land] and in the land of sojourning. And afterward they may sell 4 some of them to … […] … and … a man plants, in the fourth year he shall [not eat,] 5 [for] they are sanctified in [this year …] … […] 6 from the grain offering and … […] 7 … […] 8 [to] add to him [his produce …] 9 … […]

Fragment 6aiv

1 […] … which […] 2 […] … to the right, and which […]

Fragment 7 i

1 […] … […] 2 … he has perished to them […] … 3 … he shall not bear a grudge, a man against [… the sons of] his people, but only 4 with reproof, in righteous humility toward them […] and one who bears iniquity 5 [and transgression], and he was not willing for [all] … […]

Fragment 7 ii

1 […] … from him 2 […] … 3 […] 4 […] … 5 […] 6 […] all the camp 7 […] its quarter 8 […] … the … 9 [… which] is not according to the rule 10 [… and] the man who

Fragment 7 iii

1 … […] 2 before the [overseer] … […] 3 to the overseer who is over the camp […] 4 … […] he shall seek from his hand … […] 5 […] the one who [rejects the] Torah […] 6 […] … works […] 7 […] … he is …

Fragment 8 i

1 [what is found to be done in the whole] age [of wickedness. And no one shall make known to him the judgments until] 2 he stands before the overseer, lest he prove simple when he examines him. And when 3 he binds himself to return to the Torah of Moses with all the heart and with all the soul, they are innocent 4 [of him] if he proves unfaithful. And everything that is revealed from the Torah to the multitude of the camp, 5 and he [erred] in it, the overseer shall make it known to him and give orders about him, and he shall learn 6 for a full year, and according to his knowledge he shall draw near. And anyone who is a fool 7 [or] a madman shall not enter. And every simpleton and one who errs, and one whose eyes are dim so that he cannot see, 8 [and] the lame or the limping or the deaf, or a young boy: none 9 [of] these [shall enter] into the midst of the congregation, for the holy angels [are in their midst.] 10 […] … […] … […]

Fragment 8 ii

1 […] … 2 the rule … [… and the one who vows shall be punished by a] fifth of 3 the silver of his valuation […] for the rule [for the judges,] 4 to judge justly […] … after the … […] … it was taken by force, 5 until he is disciplined, and [the one who took it] shall pay, [if he did not] speak 6 the truth with his fellow, and until […] … […] 7 … like him, for he did not [carry out his word …] 8 And as for what it says, [“Every ban by which a] man [bans] 9 a man,” by the statutes of [the nations he is to be put to death …] 10 And as for [what it says, “You shall not take revenge or bear a grudge against the sons of your people,” every man]

Fragment 8 iii

2 […] … […] 3 [anything of the commandment with a] high [hand, until he is purified to] return. 4 And [this is the rule for the judges of] the congregation: [as many as ten] men, chosen from the congregation for the time, 5 four [from the tribe of Levi and] Aaron, and from Israel [six,] learned in the Book of Hagi 6 and in the [foundations of the covenant, from] twenty-five [years old to] sixty years old. And no one shall take his place 7 any more [from the age of sixty years and] upward to judge the [congregation, for] because of the unfaithfulness of humankind [his days] have grown few, 8 [and in the burning anger of God against the inhabitants of the earth he said] to take [away their knowledge before they complete] 9 [their days. Concerning purification with water: no one shall bathe in water that is dirty or] less 10 [than enough to cover a man. No one shall purify a vessel in it. And any pool in a rock] in which there is not

Fragment 9 i

1 [a man the sabbath for wealth and gain] on the [sabbath. And any] human [being] 2 [who falls into a place of water or into a reservoir,] no [one shall bring him up] 3 [with a ladder or a rope or a tool. No one] shall offer [anything on the altar on the sabbath] 4 [except the burnt offering of the sabbath,] for [so …] 5 […] 15 […] 16 [… He shall not stretch out his hand to] shed the blood 17 [of a man from the nations for the sake of wealth and gain. And also,] no one [shall carry off]

Fragment 9 ii

1 [And all the locusts, in their kinds, shall be put into fire or into] water while they are still alive, 2 [for that is the rule of their creation. And all the wood and the] stones and the dust that 3 [are defiled by human impurity, by defilements of oil on them, according to] their impurity 4 [whoever touches them] becomes impure. [And every tool, nail, or peg in the wall that is] with 5 [the dead in one house becomes impure with the impurity of a working tool. The rule for the] settlement of the cities of Israel: 6 [by these judgments, to distinguish between the impure and the pure and] to make known 7 [the difference between the holy and the common. These are the statutes for the instructor,] to walk 8 [in them with every living person according to the rule for each time. And according to this rule the seed of] Israel [shall walk] 9 […] 13 […] 14 [of the Levites is experienced in these, the lot shall fall to go out and] come in at his word, for 15 [all who enter the camp. And if there is a judgment about the regulation for skin disease on a man,] the 16 [priest] shall come [… and even if he is simple,] 17 [he … the overseer] 18 [of the camp: he shall instruct the many in the works of God] and make [them] understand [his wondrous mighty deeds,] 19 [and recount before them the events of eternity with their] interpretations. [He shall have mercy on them like a father]

Fragment 9 iii

1 [And no one shall] do [anything in buying or selling] 2 unless [he has made it known to the overseer] 3 of the camp, [and he shall act with counsel,] 4 and they shall not go astray. And likewise for everyone who takes [a wife,] 5 it shall be with counsel. And likewise he shall instruct one who [divorces.] 6 And he shall discipline their sons [and their daughters] 7 and their little ones [in a spirit of] humility and with loving [kindness.] 8 He shall not bear a grudge against them in anger and [fury] 9 for their transgressions, and whoever is not 10 [bound …] their judgments. 11 [And this is the settlement of the camps for all] the seed of 12 [Israel. And if they do not hold fast to these, they will not] 13 [succeed in dwelling in the land, and not …] 14 from distresses [… And these are the …] 15 for the instructor […] 16 [… the word] 17 that he [spoke: “There will come upon you and upon your people a day that] 18 has not come [since the day Ephraim turned away from Judah.”] 19 And all [who walk in these, the covenant of God …]

Fragment 10 i

1 [and in all the judgments of] the [Torah, to speak] them according to their rule. [And the] overseer who is over all 2 [the camps shall be from] thirty [years old to] fifty [years old, master] of every secret of 3 [men and] of every tongue [according to their families. At] his [word] those who enter the congregation shall enter, 4 [each in his turn.] And anything that any person has to say to the congregation, 5 [let him say it to the overseer,] about any dispute [or judgment. And] this is the rule for the many, to provide for all 6 [their needs: the wages of] two [days at the] least, and it shall be put [into the hand of] the overseer and the judges. 7 [From it they shall] give for the [wounded, and from it they shall] support the poor and the needy, 8 [and the old man who] is bowed down, and the man who is afflicted, and the one taken captive by a foreign nation, 9 [and the virgin who] has no redeemer, and the youth who has no one to care for him, and for all 10 [the service of the association, and] the house of the association shall not be cut off from their hand. This is the exact account of 11 [the settlement of the camps, and] these are the foundations of the walls of the assembly. And this is the exact account of 12 [the judgments by which they shall be] judged until there arises the messiah of Aaron and Israel 13 [and atones for their iniquity, more than a grain] offering and a sin offering … […] 14 [And the man who lies about money, and he knows it, they shall separate] him from the [purity]

Fragment 10 ii

1 [two hundred] days, and he shall be punished for a hundred days. But if he bears a grudge in a capital matter, he shall not return 2 [again. And whoever] insults his fellow without consultation shall be separated for one year and punished 3 for [six months.] And whoever speaks a foolish word with his mouth shall be punished for twenty 4 [days and separated] for three months. [And whoever] speaks in the middle of [his fellow’s] words and acts disorderly 5 [shall be punished for ten] days. [And whoever lies down and] sleeps in the [session of the many …] … 6 [shall be separated] for thirty days and punished for ten days. [And likewise for a man who] leaves 7 without the permission of the many, [and without cause,] as many as three times [in] one [session:] 8 he shall [be punished] for ten days. But if [they are standing] and he leaves [the session, he shall be punished for thirty] 9 days. And whoever walks [naked] before his fellow, [in a house or in the field walking naked before] 10 people, shall be separated for six [months … And whoever] 11 brings his hand out from under [his] garment, [and it is torn, so that his nakedness is seen, shall be separated for] thirty 12 days and punished for ten. And whoever laughs foolishly, [making his voice heard, shall be separated] 13 for thirty and punished for fifteen days. [And whoever brings out] his left hand 14 [to] gesture with it shall be punished [for ten days. And the man] who goes about [slandering] 15 his fellow, [they shall separate him from the purity for one year, and he shall be punished … months.]

Fragment 11

1 over the many, and he shall accept his judgment willingly, as he said by the hand of 2 Moses about the person who sins in error, that they shall bring 3 his sin offering and his guilt offering. And about Israel it is written, “I will go 4 to the ends of the heavens, and I will not smell the scent of your pleasing offerings.” And in another place 5 it is written, “to return to God with weeping and with fasting.” And in a place it is written, “[1]Tear your heart and not your garments.” And everyone who rejects these judgments, 6 which are according to all the statutes found in the Torah of Moses, shall not be counted 7 among all the sons of his truth, for his soul has loathed the disciplines of righteousness. As a rebel, from before 8 the many he shall be sent away. And the priest appointed over the many shall speak about him, and he shall speak up 9 and say, “Blessed are you; you are everything, and in your hands is everything, and you make everything, you who established 10 peoples by their families and tongues by their nations, and you led them astray in a waste with 11 no way. But you chose our fathers, and to their seed you gave your true statutes 12 and your holy judgments, which a person shall do and live. And you set boundaries 13 for us, and those who cross them you have cursed. And we are the people you redeemed and the flock of your pasture. 14 You have cursed those who cross them, but we have upheld them.” And the one sent away shall go out. And the man 15 who eats of his property, or who seeks his peace, the one sent away, or who shares with him, 16 his case shall be written down by the overseer with a stylus, and his judgment is complete. And all 17 [who dwell in] the camps shall assemble in the third month and curse the one who turns to the right 18 [or to the left from the] Torah. And this is the exact account of the judgments that they shall do in the whole age of 19 [the visitation, by which they shall be] visited [in all] the ages of wrath and their journeys, for everyone 20 [who dwells in their camps and everyone who dwells in their cities. Behold, it is all according to the] last [study of] the Torah 21 […]

Fragment 12

1 [… no one shall give] the […] 2 [… before two] witnesses […] 3 […] … to her as […] 4 […] … kings […] 5 […] … […] he shall not draw near […] 6 [… no] man shall lie [with a woman] 7 [… the] slave woman [who is betrothed …] 8 […] seven [years …] 9 [… he shall] take her […]

Fragment 13

1 […] … the holy […] 2 […] according to the measure of … […] 3 [… they] see one serving the […] 4 […] … he shall testify against his fellow […] 5 the blood … […] 6 which does not … […] 7 […] … […]

Fragment 14a

1 […] until … not […] 2 […] betrothed […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 14b

1 […] one who takes […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 14c

1 […] … […]

Fragment 14d

1 […] his sister […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 14e

1 […] … 2 […] … to him.

Fragment 14f

1 […] … 2 […] error 3 […] upon

Fragment 15

1 […] the [holy] angels […] 2 […] … in them they shall walk […] 3 […] … the holiest of the holy […] 4 […] … depth, and beneath the glory of […] 5 […] … for the chosen ones of … […]

Fragment 16a

1 […] … from the blood […] 2 […] … from a man … […] 3 […] livestock in one […] 4 […] … their iniquity … […] 5 […] … Ariel […]

Fragment 16b

1 […] … all […] 2 […] he is … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 17

1 […] … and praise 2 […] two, afterward 3 [… upon] them 4 […] … […]

Fragment 18

1 […] … […] they know … […] 2 […] … […] 3 […] iniquity […]

Fragment 19

1 [… which …] 2 […] … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 20

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 21

1 […] … judgment […]

Fragment 22

1 [… a] man … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 23

1 […] those who walk […]

Fragment 24

1 […] … […] 2 […] … he … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 25

1 […] … […]

Fragment 26

1 […] for […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 27

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 28

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 29

1 […] … […] 2 […] … and … […]

Fragment 30

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 31

1 […] … […]

Fragment 32

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 33

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 34

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 35

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 36

1 […] … […] 2 […] he […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 37

1 […] … […] 2 […] … and … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 38

1 [… Israel …] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 39

1 […] … […]

Fragment 40

1 […] … […]

Fragment 41

1 […] … […] 2 […] which […]

Fragment 42

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 43

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 44

1 […] … […]

Fragment 45

1 […] … […]

Fragment 46

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 47

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 48

1 […] … […]

Fragment 49

1 […] … […]

Fragment 50

1 […] … […]

Fragment 51

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 52

1 […] … […] 2 […] the man shall answer […] 3 […] … all […] 4 […] … […]

Fragment 53

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 54

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 55

1 […] … your face […] 2 […] … a man … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 56

1 […] … 2 […] … 3 […] …

Fragment 57

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 58

1 […] … […] 2 […] … if […] 3 […] if … […] 4 […] … it is […] 5 […] … […]

Fragment 59

1 […] the sons of … […]

Fragment 60

1 […] … behold […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 61

1 […] … […]

Fragment 62

1 […] … […]

Fragment 63

1 […] … […] 2 […] … years […]

Fragment 64

1 […] God […] 2 […] and I will speak […]

Fragment 65

1 […] … and … […] 2 […] this … […]

Fragment 66

1 […] … […] 2 […] and as for [what …] 3 […] … […]

Fragment 67

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 68

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 69

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 70

1 […] … […] 2 […] was […]

Fragment 71

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 72

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 73

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 74

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Fragment 75

1 […] … […] 2 […] … […]

Glossary