"... Paul’s rhetoric seems to indicate an astonished outrage at the way the Galatians have thoroughly misunderstood the gospel (esp. Gal 1:6–9; 3:1–5; 4:9–11) they once received so readily (Gal 4:15–20; 5:7). Whoever Paul expected to know this justification tradition, Paul combined the tradition with Jewish Scripture. Paul substantiates his argument with allusion to the Jewish Scriptures, authoritative texts for all relevant parties (Peter, the Galatians, and the opponents). An allusion to LXX Ps 142:2 is widely recognized in Gal 2:16 but rarely is any significance attributed to Paul’s replacement of the Psalm’s phrase “everyone living [πᾶς ζῶν/יח־לכ]” with Paul’s phrase “all flesh [πᾶσα σάρξ].”20 Some doubt that “all flesh” is anything more than a different Vorlage, or simply a stronger expression for human frailty.21 Martyn suggests that Paul’s turn of phrase is motivated by polemic against the opponents’ attempt to boast “in flesh” (Gal 6:13).22 Surely Paul’s choice of the word “flesh [σάρξ]” isconnected to his argument against circumcision.23 Is it possible, however, that Paul’s textual adjustment to the Psalm is more consequential than an alteration to fit his argument against circumcision? ..."