"... The Targumim participate in a cosmology that reflects convictions of how eschatological reward and punishment are to be worked out. It is unlikely that the targumic scheme is original; more probably, it reflects widespread expectations. But sometimes the Targumim illuminate otherwise esoteric statements within the New Testament. Isaiah Targum 63:6 specifies the “lower earth” as the place to which God will cast the “mighty men” of his enemies. A similar phrase is used in Ephesians 4:9 in order to refer to Christ’s descent to the dead. Divine anger is invoked in the Isaiah Targum 3:16-24 against women who adorn themselves—especially their hair—in an exaggerated fashion, and that invites comparison with 1 Timothy 2:9 and 1 Peter 3:3. God’s anger is understood to “whiten” (Targum Malachi 3:2) in a way that may illuminate passages such as Mark 9:3 and Revelation 7:14. The definitive punishment of the wicked is that they are to suffer the “second death.” That is the threat of both Targum Jonathan (Isaiah 22:14; 65:6, 15; Jeremiah 51:39, 57) and the Revelation of John (2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8). Any extension of time serves to allow for the possibility of repentance (see Targum Isaiah 26:10; 42:14; Targum Habakkuk 1:13; 3:1-2; 2 Peter 3:9; Revelation 2:21). When the God who judges in this fashion takes notice of people, a “memorial” or “remembrance” may be said to come before him. This is a generally targumic expression—amply attested in Targum Jonathan—which also appears in the New Testament ..."